Separator for fuel cell, fuel cell and method of manufacturing fuel cell

ABSTRACT

A separator for fuel cell includes a corrugated portion formed to have a corrugated cross section where a first groove that is concave to a first surface to form a flow path for a first fluid on the first surface and a second groove that is concave to a second surface opposite to the first surface to form a flow path for a second fluid on the second surface are arranged alternately and repeatedly. Each of the second grooves has at least one shallower groove section formed to have a less depth from the second surface than depth of a remaining groove section and provided to form a communication flow channel on the first surface side, which is arranged to communicate between two flow path spaces for the first fluid that are adjacent to each other across the shallower groove section.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to a separator for fuel cell, a fuel cell,and a method of manufacturing a fuel cell.

BACKGROUND ART

A fuel cell, for example, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, is generallyused in a stacked structure where a plurality of power generationlayers, each including an electrolyte membrane and a pair of electrodes(anode and cathode), are stacked via separators for separating a fuelgas and an oxidizing gas used as reactive gases from each other. Flowpaths that allow fluids, such as the reactive gases and a cooling medium(e.g., coolant) to flow are formed inside of the fuel cell.

One known structure of the separator for fuel cell is manufactured byprocessing a plate-like member to have a corrugated cross section wherefirst grooves that are concave to one surface and second grooves thatare concave to the other surface are arranged alternately andrepeatedly. In the separator of this structure, a flow path for onefluid (for example, coolant) is formed on one surface of the firstgroove, while a flow path for another fluid (for example, fuel gas) isformed on the other surface of the second groove. Another knownstructure of the separator for fuel cell has a series of rectangularprojections arranged in the form of columns on the surface, wherecavities between the projections are used as the flow path that allows afluid to flow both horizontally and vertically.

SUMMARY

In the separator of the known corrugated structure described above,however, the flow direction in the flow path for one fluid formed on onesurface and the flow direction in the flow path for another fluid formedon the other surface are limited to the mutually parallel directions.There is accordingly the less flexibility in arrangement of the flowpaths for the fluids. The fuel cell using this separator accordingly hasthe limitation in arrangement of the respective manifolds and the lessflexibility in thermal design in the cell plane. Addition of anotherseparator may improve the flexibility in setting of the flow directionsin the two flow paths for the two fluids. The increase in total numberof parts, however, undesirably leads to weight expansion, size expansionand cost increase. In the separator of the known structure withrectangular projections, the flow path that allows a fluid to flow bothhorizontally and vertically is formed on the surface of the separatorwith these projections. On the other surface of the separator, however,the lattice-like projections are provided to prohibit formation of aflow path for a fluid. This separator alone can thus not form the flowpaths for fluids on both the surfaces.

These problems are not restricted to the separator for polymerelectrolyte fuel cell but are commonly found in general separators forfuel cells.

In order to solve the foregoing, the object of the invention is toprovide a separator for fuel cell that allows flexible arrangement offlow paths for fluids without increasing the total number of parts.

In order to solve at least part of the above problems, the inventionprovides various aspects and embodiments described below.

First aspect: A separator for fuel cell, comprising: a corrugatedportion formed to have a corrugated cross section where a first groovethat is concave to a first surface to form a flow path for a first fluidon the first surface and a second groove that is concave to a secondsurface opposite to the first surface to form a flow path for a secondfluid on the second surface are arranged alternately and repeatedly,wherein each of the second grooves has at least one shallower groovesection formed to have a less depth from the second surface than depthof a remaining groove section and provided to form a communication flowchannel on the first surface side, which is arranged to communicatebetween two flow path spaces for the first fluid that are adjacent toeach other across the shallower groove section.

In the separator for fuel cell of this aspect, each of the secondgrooves has the shallower groove section formed to have the less depthfrom the second surface than the depth of the remaining groove section.The communication flow channel is formed on the first surface at theposition of the shallower groove section to communicate between two flowpath spaces for the first fluid that are adjacent to each other acrossthe shallower groove section. This single separator for fuel cell canthus form both the flow path space for the first fluid and the flow pathspace for the second fluid, while enabling the flow direction of thefirst fluid to be set freely without being limited to the directionparallel to the flow direction of the second fluid. The separator forfuel cell thus allows the flexible arrangement of the flow paths for thefluids without increasing the total number of parts.

Second aspect: The separator according to the first aspect, wherein acombination of the first fluid and the second fluid is a combination oftwo out of a fuel gas, an oxidizing gas and a coolant.

The separator for fuel cell of this aspect enables formation of the flowpath spaces for the combination of the first fluid and the second fluid,which is the combination of any two out of the fuel gas, the oxidizinggas and the coolant, while enabling the flow direction of the firstfluid to be set freely without being limited to the direction parallelto the flow direction of the second fluid. This advantageously allowsflexible arrangement of the flow paths for the first fluid and thesecond fluid without increasing the total number of parts.

Third aspect: The separator according to the first aspect, wherein thefirst fluid is a coolant.

The separator for fuel cell of this aspect enables the flow direction ofthe first fluid that is the coolant to be set freely without beinglimited to the direction parallel to the flow direction of the secondfluid. This advantageously expands the possibility of thermal design ofthe fuel cell.

Fourth aspect: The separator according to the first aspect, theseparator being formed in an approximately rectangular planar shape,wherein a first opening for defining a manifold for the first fluid anda second opening for defining a manifold for the second fluid are formedin proximity to two outer circumferential sides that are opposed to eachother across the corrugated portion of the separator.

In the separator for fuel cell of this aspect, the respective manifoldsare located in proximity to the two outer circumferential sides that areopposed to each other across the corrugated portion of the separator.This arrangement improves the rate of utilization of the electrodes inthe fuel cell.

Fifth aspect: The separator according to the first aspect, wherein theshallower groove section included in each of the second grooves isformed at a position aligned with the shallower groove section includedin another adjacent second groove, and the shallower groove section isformed to have a cross section with a larger curvature radius or agreater draft angle on a downstream side of flow of the first fluid inthe communication flow channel than a curvature radius or a draft angleon an upstream side.

The separator for fuel cell of this aspect prevents stagnation of thefirst fluid in the flow path for the first fluid, while minimizing thereduction of the cross sectional area of the flow path for the secondfluid.

Sixth aspect: The separator according to the first aspect, wherein theshallower groove section included in each of the second grooves isformed at a position aligned with the shallower groove section includedin another adjacent second groove, and the shallower groove section isformed to have a cross section with a smaller curvature radius or asmaller draft angle on a downstream side of flow of the first fluid inthe communication flow channel than a curvature radius or a draft angleon an upstream side.

The separator for fuel cell of this aspect interferes with the inflow ofthe first fluid into a portion of the flow path for the first fluidnearer to the second surface and regulates the flow of the first fluid,so as to minimize the increase of the pressure loss in the flow path.

Seventh aspect: The separator according to the third aspect, wherein thefirst surface of the corrugated portion is subjected to at least one offilm-coating treatment to enhance corrosion resistance in a specificarea of the first groove adjacent to the shallower groove section, waterrepellent treatment to enhance water repellency in the specific area ofthe first groove adjacent to the shallower groove section, andhydrophilic treatment to enhance hydrophilicity in the shallower groovesection.

The separator for fuel cell of this aspect achieves at least one of theeffect of enhancing the corrosion resistance in the specific area of thefirst groove adjacent to the shallower groove section, where the elutedsubstances tend to accumulate, in order to prevent corrosion, the effectof enhancing the water repellency in the specific area of the firstgroove adjacent to the shallower groove section, where the coolant tendsto accumulate, in order to prevent accumulation of the coolant, and theeffect of enhancing the hydrophilicity in the shallower groove section,which has a relatively small height and tends to have an increased ofthe pressure loss, in order to minimize the increase of the pressureloss.

Eighth aspect: The separator according to the first aspect, wherein eachof the second grooves has a plurality of the shallower groove sections,each of the shallower groove sections included in each of the secondgrooves is formed at a position aligned with a shallower groove sectionincluded in another adjacent second groove, and the first surface of thecorrugated portion has a wall member that is formed on a downstream sideof the deeper groove section in a flow direction of the first fluid inthe communication flow channel to be located on an extension of aboundary wall between the deeper groove section and the shallower groovesection, and a floor member that is formed on the downstream side of theshallower groove section to be located on an extension of a floorsurface of the shallower groove section.

The separator for fuel cell of this aspect prevents the first fluidpassing through the communication flow channel from going around andflowing into a downstream area of the deeper groove section in the flowpath for the first fluid on the downstream side and from flowing into aportion nearer to the second surface. This arrangement effectivelyregulates the flow of the first fluid and thereby minimizes the increaseof the pressure loss in the flow path.

Ninth aspect: The separator according to the first aspect, wherein eachof the second grooves has a plurality of the shallower groove sections,each of the shallower groove sections included in each of the secondgrooves is formed at a position aligned with a shallower groove sectionincluded in another adjacent second groove, and the first surface of thecorrugated portion has a spacer located at a position in the firstgroove adjacent to the deeper groove section to fill a space.

The separator for fuel cell of this aspect prevents the first fluidpassing through the communication flow channel from going around andflowing into a downstream area of the deeper groove section in the flowpath for the first fluid on the downstream side. This arrangementeffectively regulates the flow of the first fluid and thereby minimizesthe increase of the pressure loss in the flow path.

Tenth aspect: The separator according to the first aspect, wherein eachof the second grooves has a plurality of the shallower groove sections,which include a normal shallower groove section and a medium-depthshallower groove section having a greater depth than that of the normalshallower groove section, each of the shallower groove sections includedin each of the second grooves is formed at a position aligned with ashallower groove section included in another adjacent second groove, andthe medium-depth shallower groove section included in each of the secondgrooves is located at a position opposed to the normal shallower groovesection included in the adjacent second groove.

The separator for fuel cell of this aspect prevents the first fluidpassing through the communication flow channel formed at the position ofthe normal shallower groove section from flowing into the communicationflow channel formed at the position of the medium-depth shallower groovesection on the downstream side and facilitates the inflow of the firstfluid into the flow path for the first fluid instead. This prevents anextreme turbulent flow of the first fluid, while preventing stagnationof the first fluid in the flow path for the first fluid.

Eleventh aspect: The separator according to the first aspect, whereineach of the second grooves has a plurality of the shallower groovesections, and a boundary wall between the deeper groove section and theshallower groove section that is adjacent to the deeper groove sectionon a downstream side of flow of the second fluid in the flow path forthe second fluid in each of the second grooves is inclined, such that aposition nearer to the second surface is located on a lower stream sideof the flow of the second fluid.

The separator for fuel cell of this aspect advantageously preventsaccumulation of water in the specific portion on the boundary wall. Thisarrangement advantageously protects the separator from corrosion.

Twelfth aspect: The separator according to the eleventh aspect, whereinthe plurality of shallower groove sections included in each of thesecond grooves are arranged, such that the shallower groove sectionlocated on a lower stream side of the flow of the second fluid in theflow path for the second fluid has a greater depth and a greater widthin a flow direction of the second fluid.

The separator for fuel cell of this aspect prevents the wateraccumulated in the specific portion on the boundary wall from droppingdown and accumulating on another boundary wall on the downstream side inthe course of moving downstream. This more effectively protects theseparator from corrosion. Setting the shallower groove section locatedat the lower stream side to have a larger width reduces a decrease ofthe cross sectional area of the communication flow channel on thedownstream side.

Thirteenth aspect: The separator according to the first aspect, whereinthe corrugated portion includes multiple different types of shallowergroove sections having different depths.

In the separator for fuel cell of this aspect, the power generationdistribution and the temperature distribution of the fuel cell areequalized by adequately arranging multiple different types of shallowergroove sections having different depths.

Fourteenth aspect: The separator according to the first aspect, whereineach of the second grooves has a plurality of the shallower groovesections, and a boundary wall between the deeper groove section and theshallower groove section that is adjacent to the deeper groove sectionon a downstream side of flow of the second fluid in the flow path forthe second fluid in each of the second grooves is inclined, such that aposition farther from the second surface is located on a lower streamside of the flow of the second fluid.

The separator for fuel cell of this aspect facilitates accumulation ofwater in the specific portion on the boundary wall. This arrangementeffectively prevents the fuel cell from being dried up duringhigh-temperature operation and minimizes the reduction of the powergeneration efficiency and the deterioration of the durability of theelectrolyte membrane.

Fifteenth aspect: The separator according to the fourteenth aspect,wherein the second surface of the shallower groove sections in each ofthe second grooves is subjected to hydrophilic treatment to enhancehydrophilicity.

The separator for fuel cell of this aspect further facilitatesaccumulation of water in the specific portion on the boundary wall. Thisarrangement more effectively prevents the fuel cell from being dried upduring high-temperature operation and minimizes the reduction of thepower generation efficiency and the deterioration of the durability ofthe electrolyte membrane.

Sixteenth aspect: The separator according to the first aspect, whereineach of the second grooves has a plurality of the shallower groovesections, and a boundary wall between the deeper groove section and theshallower groove section included in each of the second grooves has apart inclined at a predetermined angle to a flow direction of the firstfluid in the communication flow channel.

In the separator for fuel cell of this aspect, the flow direction ofpart of the first fluid in the communication flow channel formed at theposition of the shallower groove section can be set to the obliquedirection along the inclined part of the boundary wall between thedeeper groove section and the shallower groove section. This allows themore flexible arrangement of the flow path for the first fluid.

Seventeenth aspect: The separator according to the sixteenth aspect,wherein each of the shallower groove sections included in each of thesecond grooves is arranged at a position shifted by a predetermineddistance in a direction orthogonal to the flow direction of the firstfluid in the communication flow channel, from position of the shallowergroove section included in another adjacent second groove.

The separator for fuel cell of this aspect facilitates the first fluidpassing through the communication flow channel to flow into thecommunication flow channel formed at the position of theobliquely-located shallower groove section on the downstream side. Thisaccordingly enables the flow direction of part of the first fluid to beset to the oblique direction, thereby allowing the more flexiblearrangement of the flow path for the first fluid.

Eighteenth aspect: The separator according to the first aspect, whereineach of the second grooves has a plurality of the shallower groovesections, and each of the shallower groove sections included in each ofthe second grooves is formed at a position shifted by a predetermineddistance in a direction orthogonal to a flow direction of the firstfluid in the communication flow channel, from position of the shallowergroove section included in another adjacent second groove.

In the separator for fuel cell of this aspect, the first fluid passingthrough the communication flow channel does not directly move downstreambut flows through the flow path for the first fluid into thecommunication flow channel formed at the position of theobliquely-located shallower groove section on the downstream side. Thiseffectively prevents stagnation of the first fluid in the flow path forthe first fluid.

Nineteenth aspect: The separator according to the first aspect, whereineach of the second grooves has a plurality of the shallower groovesections, and the deeper groove section included in the second groovehas a larger diameter than diameter of the shallower groove section.

The separator for fuel cell of this aspect reduces the volume of aspecific part adjacent to the deeper groove section in the flow path forthe first fluid formed at the position of the first groove. Thiseffectively prevents stagnation of the first fluid in the flow path forthe first fluid. Additionally, the greater diameter of the deeper groovesection that is in contact with a member opposed to the first surface instacking advantageously reduces the load stacked per unit area on thesurface of the deeper groove section. This also prevents the potentialdamage of the electrodes in the fuel cell as well as the inequality ofthe power generation distribution due to the concentration of the load.

Twentieth aspect: A fuel cell, comprising: a power generation layerincluding an electrolyte membrane, an anode formed on one side of theelectrolyte membrane and a cathode formed on the other side of theelectrolyte membrane; and the separators according to any one of thefirst to nineteenth aspects that are placed across the power generationlayer.

The fuel cell of this aspect allows flexible arrangement of flow pathsfor the fluids without increasing the total number of parts included inthe separator.

Twenty-first aspect: The fuel cell according to the twentieth aspect,further comprising: a detector configured to determine that a pressureloss in the flow path for the first fluid is less than a predeterminedthreshold value and thereby detect an abnormality in the flow path forthe first fluid.

The fuel cell of this aspect enables the occurrence of an abnormality inthe flow path for the first fluid, for example, the presence ofcontamination or air bubbles trapped in the flow path for the firstfluid, to be detected by the simple configuration.

Twenty-second aspect: A method of manufacturing a fuel cell, the fuelcell comprising: a power generation layer including an electrolytemembrane, an anode formed on one side of the electrolyte membrane and acathode formed on the other side of the electrolyte membrane; and theseparators according to the third aspect that are placed across thepower generation layer, the method comprising the steps of: exposing thefirst surface of the first groove in the separator to a coolant; andstacking the separator and the power generation layer, after theexposing step.

The method of this aspect effectively prevents accumulation of the airin the cavities on the first surface of the first groove and preventsdestabilization of the temperature and the flow rate of the coolant dueto accumulation of the air. This arrangement further reduces thenon-uniformity of the temperature distribution of the fuel cell, therebypreventing the resulting local dry-up or local flooding and minimizingthe deterioration of the durability of the electrolyte membrane.

Twenty-third aspect: A fuel cell, comprising: a plurality of powergeneration layers, each including an electrolyte membrane, an anodeformed on one side of the electrolyte membrane and a cathode formed onthe other side of the electrolyte membrane; the separator according tothe first aspect that is located on an anode side of each of the powergeneration layers; and a second separator in a flat plate-like shapethat is located on a cathode side of each of the power generationlayers.

The fuel cell of this aspect causes the pressure loss in the flow pathfor the first fluid to be determined by only the shape of one separator,thus more readily reducing a variation in pressure loss in the flow pathfor the first fluid of the respective cells. The fuel cell of thisaspect also causes no substantial loss of the contact area between theseparators due to the positional misalignment during stacking, thusreadily ensuring the sufficient contact area. Additionally, the fuelcell of this aspect reduces a variation in contact pressure applied tothe power generation layer and prevents the occurrence of a clearancebetween the respective layer components of the power generation layer.This arrangement reduces the possibility of accumulation of water andminimizes the concentration polarization. In the fuel cell of thisaspect, this arrangement also facilitates the manufacture of theseparators and allows cost reduction.

Twenty-fourth aspect: The fuel cell according to the twenty-thirdaspect, wherein the separator is manufactured by press-forming aplate-like member, and the second separator is formed to have a lessthickness than thickness of the plate-like member used for manufacturingthe separator.

The fuel cell of this aspect advantageously allows thickness reductionand weight reduction of the respective cells in the fuel cell, whileensuring the good press formability.

Twenty-fifth aspect: The fuel cell according to either one of thetwenty-third aspect and twenty-fourth aspect, further comprising: a sealformed to seal between the separator and the second separator opposed tothe separator without intervention of the power generation layer atleast at a position where the separator has concavity and convexity andarranged to adhere to the separator and to be pressed against the secondseparator, so as to ensure sealing.

In the fuel cell of this aspect, the effective seal line is formed bythe seal even at the position where the separator has concavity andconvexity.

Twenty-sixth aspect: The fuel cell according to the twenty-fifth aspect,the fuel cell being manufactured by alternately stacking a first cellincluding an even number of the power generation layers and a secondcell including an odd number of the power generation layers, wherein theseal is provided on the first cell but is not provided on the secondcell, prior to stacking of the first cell and the second cell tomanufacture the fuel cell.

The fuel cell of this aspect ensures the sufficient sealing property andis manufactured by alternately stacking the first cell with the seal andthe second cell without the seal. This arrangement advantageouslyimproves the repairability of the fuel cell.

Twenty-seventh aspect: A fuel cell, comprising: a plurality of powergeneration layers, each including an electrolyte membrane, an anodeformed on one side of the electrolyte membrane and a cathode formed onthe other side of the electrolyte membrane; the separator according tothe first aspect that is located on an anode side of each of the powergeneration layers; a second separator in a flat plate-like shape that islocated on a cathode side of each of the power generation layers; afirst seal formed to seal between the separator and the second separatoropposed to the separator without intervention of the power generationlayer; and a second seal formed to seal between the anode side and thecathode side at an edge of each of the power generation layers, whereinat least one of the separator and the power generation layer has atunnel flow path-forming member to form a tunnel flow path that runsunder a seal line formed by the first seal and communicates between aflow path space for the second fluid and a flow path space opposed tothe flow path space for the second fluid across the first seal, and thetunnel flow path-forming member is located inside of the second sealalong a planar direction of the power generation layer.

The fuel cell of this aspect effectively prevents the seal from enteringand blocking the tunnel flow path and thereby satisfies both therequirements of the effective sealing and the sufficient flow path spacefor the second fluid without increasing the total number of parts.

Twenty-eighth aspect: The fuel cell according to the twenty-seventhaspect, wherein the tunnel flow path-forming member includes a thirdgroove that is formed in the separator and is concave to the secondsurface, and the third groove is formed to have a less depth than depthof the deeper groove section included in the second groove.

In the fuel cell of this aspect, the seal formed to seal between theseparators is located on the first surface of the third groove.

Twenty-ninth aspect: The fuel cell according to either one of thetwenty-seventh aspect and the twenty-eighth aspect, wherein the tunnelflow path-forming member includes a thin-walled part that has a surfaceof the power generation layer opposed to the separator and recessed fromsurface of a remaining part of the power generation layer.

In the fuel cell of this aspect, there is no requirement of providing apart that is convex to the first surface of the separator even at thelocation where the tunnel flow path is formed. This advantageouslyminimizes the height reduction of the seal at the location of the tunnelflow path, thus ensuring the good sealing property.

Thirtieth aspect: The fuel cell according to any one of thetwenty-seventh to twenty-ninth aspects, wherein the separator has aplurality of the tunnel flow path-forming members, and the plurality ofthe tunnel flow path-forming members are arranged, such that the tunnelflow path-forming member located at a lowermost position in a directionof gravity in use of the fuel cell is extended to a location nearest tothe flow path space for the second fluid.

The fuel cell of this aspect causes the produced water to be drawn intothe tunnel flow path located at the lowermost position in the directionof gravity and prevents the produced water from being drawn into theother tunnel flow paths, thereby keeping the other tunnel flow pathsopen. This arrangement thus facilitates drainage of the produced waterand effectively prevents all the tunnel flow paths from being blocked.

The invention is achievable by any of various applications, for example,a separator for fuel cell, a fuel cell equipped with the separator forfuel cell, a method of manufacturing the fuel cell, a fuel cell systemincluding the fuel cell and a moving body, such as an automobile,equipped with the fuel cell system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 s is an explanatory diagram illustrating the schematicconfiguration of a fuel cell system 10 according to a first embodimentof the invention;

FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the planar structure ofthe fuel cell 100;

FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the cross sectionalstructure of the fuel cell 100;

FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the cross sectionalstructure of the fuel cell 100;

FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the cross sectionalstructure of the fuel cell 100;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view illustrating the structure of thecorrugated portion WSP of the anode-side separator 310;

FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the cross sectionalstructure of a fuel cell 100 according to a second embodiment;

FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure aroundtunnel flow paths TR in a fuel cell 100 according to a third embodiment;

FIGS. 9A to 9C schematically show the positional relationships at theboundaries between the common rail ACR for the fuel gas and therespective tunnel flow paths TR;

FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the planar structure of afuel cell 100 according to a fourth embodiment;

FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the cross sectionalstructure of the fuel cell 100 of the fourth embodiment;

FIG. 12 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the cross sectionalstructure of the fuel cell 100 of the fourth embodiment;

FIG. 13 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the cross sectionalstructure of an anode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according toa fifth embodiment;

FIG. 14 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the cross sectionalstructure of an anode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according toone modification of the fifth embodiment;

FIG. 15 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the cross sectionalstructure of an anode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according toa sixth embodiment;

FIG. 16 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the cross sectionalstructure of an anode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according toone modification of the sixth embodiment;

FIG. 17 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a seventhembodiment;

FIGS. 18A to 18D are explanatory diagrams illustrating the structure ofan anode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to an eighthembodiment;

FIGS. 19A to 19C are explanatory diagrams illustrating the structure ofan anode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a ninthembodiment;

FIG. 20 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a tenthembodiment;

FIG. 21 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to onemodification of the tenth embodiment;

FIG. 22 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to an eleventhembodiment;

FIG. 23 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to onemodification of the eleventh embodiment;

FIG. 24 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a twelfthembodiment;

FIG. 25 is an explanatory diagram illustrating a control method of thefuel cell 100 according to a thirteenth embodiment;

FIG. 26 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a fourteenthembodiment;

FIG. 27 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a fifteenthembodiment;

FIG. 28 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to onemodification of the fifteenth embodiment;

FIG. 29 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a sixteenthembodiment;

FIG. 30 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to onemodification of the sixteenth embodiment;

FIG. 31 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a seventeenthembodiment;

FIG. 32 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to onemodification of the seventeenth embodiment;

FIG. 33 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of a fuelcell 100 according to an eighteenth embodiment;

FIG. 34 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of a fuelcell 100 according to an eighteenth embodiment;

FIG. 35 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of a fuelcell 100 according to an eighteenth embodiment; and

FIG. 36 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the planar structure of afuel cell 100 according to a nineteenth embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The following describes embodiments of the present invention.

A. First Embodiment

FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the schematicconfiguration of a fuel cell system 10 according to a first embodimentof the invention. The fuel cell system 10 includes a fuel cell 100. Thefuel cell 100 has a stack structure formed by stacking an end plate 110,an insulator plate 120, a collector plate 130, a plurality of unit cells140, a collector plate 130, an insulator plate 120 and an end plate 110in this sequence.

Hydrogen as a fuel gas is supplied from a hydrogen tank 50 for storinghigh-pressure hydrogen to the fuel cell 100 via a shut-off valve 51, aregulator 52, and a piping 53. The supplied hydrogen is distributed intothe respective unit cells 140 via a fuel gas supply manifold (describedlater) and is used for power generation by the respective unit cells140. The hydrogen that is not used by the respective unit cells 140(anode off-gas) is collected via a fuel gas exhaust manifold (describedlater) and is discharged through an exhaust piping 54 out of the fuelcell 100. The fuel cell system 10 may have a recirculation mechanism torecirculate the anode off-gas to the supply piping 53.

The air as an oxidizing gas is also supplied to the fuel cell 100 via anair pump 60 and a piping 61. The supplied air is distributed into therespective unit cells 140 via an oxidizing gas supply manifold(described later) and is used for power generation by the respectiveunit cells 140. The air that is not used by the respective unit cells140 (cathode off-gas) is collected via an oxidizing gas exhaust manifold(described later) and is discharged through a piping 63 out of the fuelcell 100. The fuel gas and the oxidizing gas are also called reactivegases.

Additionally, a coolant that is cooled down by a radiator 70 is suppliedvia a water pump 71 and a piping 72 to the fuel cell 100, in order tocool down the respective unit cells 140 of the fuel cell 100. Thecoolant is introduced into the respective unit cells 140 via a coolantsupply manifold (described later) to cool down the respective unit cells140. The coolant used to cool down the respective unit cells 140 iscollected via a coolant discharge manifold (described later) and iscirculated to the radiator 70 via a piping 73. For example, water,antifreeze such as ethylene glycol or the air may be used for thecoolant. According to this embodiment, a liquid coolant (cooling liquid)is used as the coolant.

The fuel cell system 10 also includes a controller 80. The controller 80is implemented by a computer including a CPU and memories (not shown).The controller 80 is configured to receive signals from, for example,temperature sensors, pressure sensors and voltmeters provided at variouslocations in the fuel cell system 10 and control the overall fuel cellsystem 10 based on the received signals.

FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the planar structure ofthe fuel cell 100. FIGS. 3 to 5 are explanatory diagrams illustratingthe cross sectional structures of the fuel cell 100. FIG. 3 shows apartial cross section of the fuel cell 100 at a position A1-A1 in FIG.2. FIG. 4 shows a partial cross section of the fuel cell 100 at aposition B1-B1 in FIG. 2. FIG. 5 shows a partial cross section of thefuel cell 100 at a position C1-C1 in FIG. 2.

A fuel gas supply manifold 162 arranged to distribute the hydrogen asthe fuel gas supplied to the fuel cell 100 into the respective unitcells 140, an oxidizing gas supply manifold 152 arranged to distributethe air as the oxidizing gas supplied to the fuel cell 100 into therespective unit cells 140, a fuel gas exhaust manifold 164 arranged tocollect the fuel gas that is not used by the respective unit cells 140and discharge the collected unused fuel gas out of the fuel cell 100, anoxidizing gas exhaust manifold 154 arranged to collect the air that isnot used by the respective unit cells 140 and discharge the collectedunused air out of the fuel cell 100, a coolant supply manifold 172arranged to distribute the coolant supplied to the fuel cell 100 intothe respective unit cells 140, and a coolant discharge manifold 174arranged to collect the coolant discharged from the respective unitcells 140 and discharge the collected coolant out of the fuel cell 100are formed inside the fuel cell 100 as shown in FIG. 2. Each of themanifolds is provided as a flow channel extended in a directionsubstantially parallel to the stacking direction of the fuel cell 100(i.e., direction substantially perpendicular to the planar direction ofeach unit cell 140).

As shown in FIG. 2, each unit cell 140 is in an approximatelyrectangular planar shape, and the respective manifolds are disposed inproximity to the outer circumferential sides (i.e. outer edges) of theplane of the unit cell 140. More specifically, the fuel gas supplymanifold 162 and the coolant supply manifold 172 are located adjacent toone short side out of the outer circumferential sides of the unit cell140, while the fuel gas exhaust manifold 164 and the coolant dischargemanifold 174 are located adjacent to the other short side out of theouter circumferential sides of the unit cell 140. The positionalrelationship between the fuel gas supply manifold 162 and the coolantsupply manifold 172 in the short-side direction of the outercircumference of the unit cell 140 is opposite to the positionalrelationship between the fuel gas exhaust manifold 164 and the coolantdischarge manifold 174. The oxidizing gas supply manifold 152 is locatedadjacent to substantially the whole of one long side out of the outercircumferential sides of the unit cell 140 (farther long side from thefuel gas supply manifold 162), while the oxidizing gas exhaust manifold154 is located adjacent to substantially the whole of the other longside out of the outer circumferential sides of the unit cell 140 (nearerlong side from the fuel gas supply manifold 162).

In the specification hereof, the direction of stacking the unit cells140 in the fuel cell 100 is called “stacking direction”, and thedirection parallel to the primary surface of each unit cell 140 (i.e.,direction substantially perpendicular to the stacking direction) iscalled “planar direction”. In the planar direction, a direction parallelto the long sides of the unit cell 140 is called X direction, while adirection parallel to the short sides of the unit cell 140 (i.e.,direction substantially perpendicular to the X direction) is called Ydirection.

As shown in FIGS. 3 to 5, in each unit cell 140 of the fuel cell 100, apower generation layer 200 including a membrane electrode assembly (MEA)210 having an anode (anode electrode layer) 214 and a cathode (cathodeelectrode layer) 215 formed on the respective surfaces of an electrolytemembrane 212 is located between a pair of separators (a cathode-sideseparator 320 and an anode-side separator 310). The membrane electrodeassembly 210 further includes an anode diffusion layer 216 formedoutside of the anode 214 and a cathode diffusion layer 217 formedoutside of the cathode 215. The power generation layer 200 additionallyhas a cathode-side porous flow path layer 230 arranged outside of thecathode diffusion layer 217 of the membrane electrode assembly 210.

The electrolyte membrane 212 is a solid polymer membrane made of afluororesin material or a hydrocarbon resin material and has good protonconductivity in the wet state. The cathode 215 and the anode 214 maycontain, for example, platinum or an alloy of platinum and another metalas the catalyst. The cathode diffusion layer 217 and the anode diffusionlayer 216 may be made of, for example, carbon cloth woven of carbonfiber yarns, carbon paper or carbon felt. The cathode-side porous flowpath layer 230 is made of a porous material having gas diffusivity andelectrical conductivity, such as a metal porous body (e.g., expandedmetal) or a carbon porous body. The cathode-side porous flow path layer230 has the higher porosity than that of the cathode diffusion layer 217and thereby the lower internal gas flow resistance, so as to serve as anoxidizing gas flow path, which allows the flow of the oxidizing gas.

The cathode-side separator 320 and the anode-side separator 310 aremanufactured from metal plates. More specifically, the cathode-sideseparator 320 is manufactured by drilling a metal plate to form, forexample, openings for the respective manifolds. As shown in FIGS. 3 to5, the cathode-side separator 320 has a flat plate-like shape. Theanode-side separator 310 is manufactured, on the other hand, by drillinga metal plate to form, for example, openings for the respectivemanifolds and bending and press-forming the metal plate to form aportion of a corrugated cross section. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, theanode-side separator 310 has a corrugated portion WSP of a corrugatedcross section. The position of the corrugated portion WSP of theanode-side separator 310 in the plane of the unit cell 140 is shown byhatching in FIG. 2.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view illustrating the structure of thecorrugated portion WSP of the anode-side separator 310. In FIG. 6, theupper side is a side opposed to the cathode-side separator 320 ofanother adjacent unit cell 140, while the lower side is a side opposedto the power generation layer 200. As shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 4, thecorrugated portion WSP of the anode-side separator 310 has a corrugatedcross section including first grooves 316 concave to the surface opposedto the cathode-side separator 320 (hereinafter referred to as “firstsurface”) and second grooves 315 concave to the surface opposed to thepower generation layer 200 (hereinafter referred to as “secondsurface”), which are arranged alternately and repeatedly in the Xdirection. Each of the first grooves 316 and each of the second grooves315 respectively have planar shapes extended in the Y direction.

As shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 4, the corrugated portion WSP of theanode-side separator 310 defines flow path spaces CS for the coolant onthe first surface (surface opposed to the cathode-side separator 320) ofthe first grooves 316. The flow path spaces CS for the coolant are thespaces bounded by the first grooves 316 of the corrugated portion WSP ofthe anode-side separator 310 and the surface of the cathode-sideseparator 320. The corrugated portion WSP of the anode-side separator310 also defines flow path spaces AS for the fuel gas on the secondsurface (surface opposed to the power generation layer 200) of thesecond grooves 315. The flow path spaces AS for the fuel gas are thespaces bounded by the second grooves 315 of the corrugated portion WSPof the anode-side separator 310 and the surface of the power generationlayer 200. The first grooves 316 and the second grooves 315 are extendedin the Y direction, so that the flow path spaces CS for the coolant andthe flow path spaces AS for the fuel gas are defined as the spacesextended in the Y direction.

As shown in FIG. 6 and FIGS. 3 and 4, each of the second grooves 315 ofthe corrugated portion WSP of the anode-side separator 310 has shallowergroove sections 314. The shallower groove sections 314 are short-depthportions having a shorter depth d2 from the second surface (surfaceopposed to the power generation layer 200) than a depth d1 of the otherportions (hereinafter called “deeper groove sections 313). The depth ofthe second groove 315 (deeper groove section 313 and shallower groovesection 314) means the distance in the stacking direction from theposition of the outermost part on the second surface of the anode-sideseparator 310 (i.e., part that is in contact with the power generationlayer 200) to the position of the outermost part on the first surface ofthe second groove 315 (i.e., part of the second groove 315 that issubstantially perpendicular to the stacking direction). The flow pathspace AS for the fuel gas formed on the second surface of the secondgroove 315 accordingly has the greater depth at the positions of thedeeper groove sections 313 and the less depth at the positions of theshallower groove sections 314. In the fuel cell 100 formed by stacking aplurality of the unit cells 140, the anode-side separator 310 is incontact with the surface of the cathode-side separator 320 at thepositions of the respective deeper groove sections 313, while being notin contact at the positions of the respective shallower groove sections314. Communication flow channels CP that cause two flow path spaces CSfor the coolant adjoining to each other across the shallower groovesections 314 to be communicated with each other are accordingly formedbetween the surface of the cathode-side separator 320 and the firstsurface of the corrugated portion WSP of the anode-side separator 310 atthe positions of the shallower groove sections 314. As shown in FIG. 6,according to this embodiment, a plurality of shallower groove sections314 are formed in each of the second grooves 315. The shallower groovesections 314 of each second groove 315 are aligned with thecorresponding shallower groove sections 314 of another second groove 315adjacent in the X direction.

As shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 4, on the other hand, each of the firstgrooves 316 of the anode-side separator 310 has a fixed depth from thefirst surface (surface opposed to the cathode-side separator 320). Thedepth of the first groove 316 means the distance in the stackingdirection from the position of the outermost part on the first surfaceof the corrugated portion WSP of the anode-side separator 310 (i.e.,part that is in contact with the cathode-side separator 320) to theposition of the outermost part on the second surface of the first groove316 (i.e., part of the first groove 316 that is substantiallyperpendicular to the stacking direction). The flow path space CS for thecoolant formed on the first surface of the first groove 316 accordinglyhas a fixed depth. In the fuel cell 100 formed by stacking a pluralityof the unit cells 140, the anode-side separator 310 is in contact withthe surface of the power generation layer 200 at the positions of thewhole surfaces of the respective first grooves 316.

As shown in FIG. 3, the anode-side separator 310 has fourth grooves 312,which are concave to the first surface, at positions adjoining to bothends of the corrugated portion WSP in the Y direction. The fourth groove312 is formed continuously in the X direction to be adjacent to thewhole length of the corrugated portion WSP as shown in FIG. 4. The depthof the fourth groove 312 is equal to the depth of the deeper groovesections 313 of the second groove 315. In the fuel cell 100 formed bystacking a plurality of the unit cells 140, the anode-side separator 310is thus additionally in contact with the surface of the cathode-sideseparator 320 at the positions of the fourth grooves 312. The fourthgroove 312 forms a common rail ACR for the fuel gas working as acontinuous flow path space, which allows the flow of the fuel gas in theX direction, on the second surface (surface opposed to the powergeneration layer 200). The positions of the common rails ACR for thefuel gas in the plane of the unit cell 140 are shown by hatching in FIG.2. As shown in FIG. 3, the common rail ACR for the fuel gas communicateswith the flow path spaces AS for the fuel gas formed by the respectivesecond grooves 315 of the corrugated portion WSP.

As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, a seal (gasket) 420 is formed along the outerperiphery of the power generation layer 200 of each unit cell 140 toprevent cross leakage between the cathode side and the anode side. Theseal 420 may be formed by injection molding a sealing material, forexample, silicon rubber, butyl rubber, or fluorine rubber.

Various seals (gaskets) to form seal lines SL surrounding the respectivemanifolds and a seal line SL surrounding the flow area of the coolantshown in FIG. 2 are provided on the surface of the anode-side separator310 opposed to the cathode-side separator 320. More specifically, asshown in FIG. 3, the anode-side separator 310 has seals 430 (FIG. 3) forforming seal lines SL surrounding the oxidizing gas supply manifold 152and the oxidizing gas exhaust manifold 154, seals 450 (FIG. 4) forforming seal lines SL surrounding the fuel gas supply manifold 162 andthe fuel gas exhaust manifold 164, and a seal 440 (FIGS. 3 and 4) forforming a seal line SL surrounding the flow area of the coolant betweenthe anode-side separator 310 and the cathode-side separator 320. Therespective seals have lips of convex cross sections (432, 442 and 452).When the respective unit cells 140 are stacked, the individual lips arecompressed and deformed by the opposed cathode-side separator 320 totightly adhere to the surface of the cathode-side separator 320 andthereby form the seal lines SL.

As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, third grooves 317 that are concave to thesecond surface (surface opposed to the power generation layer 200) areformed in proximity to the fuel gas supply manifold 162 and the fuel gasexhaust manifold 164 of the anode-side separator 310. The depth of thethird grooves 317 is less than the depth of the fourth grooves 312 andthe depth of the deeper groove sections 313 of the second grooves 315.The depth of the third groove 317 means the distance in the stackingdirection from the position of the outermost part on the second surfaceof the anode-side separator 310 (i.e., part that is in contact with thepower generation layer 200) to the position of the outermost part on thefirst surface of the third groove 317 (i.e., part of the third groove317 that is substantially perpendicular to the stacking direction). Thethird groove 317 has one end continuous with the fourth groove 312 thatforms the common rail ACR for the fuel gas and the other end having anopening 318 formed therein.

The third groove 317 thus structured forms a tunnel flow path TR thatruns below the seal lines SL formed by the seals 440 and 450 (on theside of the power generation layer 200) to communicate between thecommon rail ACR for the fuel gas connecting with the flow path space ASfor the fuel gas and the fuel gas supply manifold 162 and between thecommon rail ACR for the fuel gas and the fuel gas exhaust manifold 164.The third groove 317 for forming the tunnel flow path TR is entirelylocated inside of the seal 420 in the planar direction, which is formedalong the outer periphery of the power generation layer 200. The tunnelflow path TR is thus not at all opposed to the seal 420 but is entirelyopposed to the anode diffusion layer 216 of the power generation layer200. According to the embodiment, the third grooves 317 form a pluralityof tunnel flow paths TR extended in the X direction and arranged in theY direction.

As indicated by the arrows in FIGS. 3 and 4, hydrogen as the fuel gassupplied to the fuel gas supply manifold 162 flows in from the opening318 and runs through the tunnel flow path TR on the upstream side (onthe supply side), is introduced into the common rail ACR for the fuelgas on the upstream side to be diffused in the X direction through thecommon rail ACR for the fuel gas and enters the flow path spaces AS forthe fuel gas communicating with the common rail ACR for the fuel gas toflow through the flow path spaces AS for the fuel gas in the Ydirection. This flow of hydrogen is used for power generation by themembrane electrode assembly 210. The hydrogen that is not used for powergeneration flows from the flow path space AS for the fuel gas into thecommon rail ACR for the fuel gas on the downstream side (on the exhaustside), runs through the common rail ACR for the fuel gas to reach thetunnel flow path TR on the downstream side and is discharged from theopening 318 of the tunnel flow path TR to the fuel gas exhaust manifold164.

As indicated by the arrows in FIG. 3, on the other hand, the air as theoxidizing gas supplied to the oxidizing gas supply manifold 152 flowsfrom an opening 322 on the upstream side (on the supply side), which isformed in the cathode-side separator 320 at a position opposed to thepower generation layer 200, to enter the cathode-side porous flow pathlayer 230 and is diffusively flowed in the cathode-side porous flow pathlayer 230. This flow of the air is used for power generation by themembrane electrode assembly 210. The air that is not used for powergeneration is discharged from an opening 322 on the downstream side(exhaust side), which is formed in the cathode-side separator 320 at aposition opposed to the power generation layer 200, to the oxidizing gasexhaust manifold 154.

As indicated by the arrows in FIG. 2, the coolant supplied to thecoolant supply manifold 172 flows both horizontally and verticallythroughout the flow path spaces CS for the coolant and the communicationflow channels CP (FIGS. 3, 4 and 6) formed on the first surface of theanode-side separator 310 (surface opposed to the cathode-side separator320) to cool down the unit cell 140 and is discharged to the coolantdischarge manifold 174.

As described above, according to this embodiment, the anode-sideseparator 310 has the corrugated portion WSP of the corrugated crosssection where the first grooves 316 that are concave to the firstsurface and the second grooves 315 that are concave to the secondsurface are arranged alternately and repeatedly. The flow path spaces CSfor the coolant are formed on the first surface of the first grooves316, while the flow path spaces AS for the fuel gas are formed on thesecond surface of the second grooves 315. Each of the second grooves 315has the shallower groove sections 314 having the less depth from thesecond surface than the depth of the other sections (deeper groovesections 313). The communication flow channels CP that cause two flowpath spaces CS for the coolant adjoining to each other across theshallower groove sections 314 to be communicated with each other areformed on the first surface at the positions of the shallower groovesections 314. The configuration of the embodiment can thus form both theflow path spaces CS for the coolant and the flow path spaces AS for thefuel gas by using only one single part, i.e., the anode-side separator310. The configuration of the embodiment forms the flow path spaces CSfor the coolant and the communication flow channels CP and therebyenables the flow direction of the coolant to be set freely without beinglimited to the direction parallel to the flow direction of the fuel gas.This allows the flexible arrangement of the flow paths for the fluidswithout increasing the total number of parts. For example, using theanode-side separator 310 of the embodiment increase the flexibility oflocation of the respective manifolds and expands the possibility ofthermal design inside the respective unit cells 140, while enablingweight reduction, size reduction and cost reduction of the fuel cell100.

In the fuel cell 100 of the embodiment, the anode-side separator 310 hasthe corrugated portion WSP of the corrugated cross section, while thecathode-side separator 320 has a flat plate-like shape. The fuel cell100 of the embodiment accordingly has the following advantages over thefuel cell with the cathode-side separator 320 that is also formed tohave a corrugated portion WSP of the corrugated cross section. Thestructure of the fuel cell 100 according to the embodiment causes thepressure loss in the flow path for the coolant to be determined by onlythe shape of the anode-side separator 310, thus more readily reducing avariation in pressure loss in the flow path for the coolant of therespective unit cells 140. The structure of the fuel cell 100 accordingto the embodiment also causes no substantial loss of the contact areabetween the separators due to the positional misalignment duringstacking, thus readily ensuring the sufficient contact area.Additionally, the structure of the fuel cell 100 according to theembodiment reduces a variation in contact pressure applied to themembrane electrode assemblies 210 and prevents the occurrence of aclearance between the diffusion layer and the catalyst layer, therebyreducing the possibility of accumulation of water and minimizing theconcentration polarization. The structure of the fuel cell 100 accordingto the embodiment also facilitates manufacture of the separators andenables cost reduction.

In the fuel cell 100 of this embodiment, it is preferable that thethickness of the metal plate used for manufacturing the cathode-sideseparator 320 is less than the thickness of the metal plate used formanufacturing the anode-side separator 310. The anode-side separator 310is manufactured by press-forming, so that the limitation of thicknessreduction depends on the press formability. It is accordingly impossibleto reduce the thickness of the metal plate to the limit value based onthe required strength. The cathode-side separator 320, on the otherhand, has a flat plate-like shape, so that a thinner metal plate isusable for the cathode-side separator 320. Setting the thickness of themetal plate used for manufacturing the cathode-side separator 320 to beless than the thickness of the metal plate used for manufacturing theanode-side separator 310 enables thickness reduction and weightreduction of each unit cell 140, while ensuring good press formability.

According to the embodiment, the third groove 317 for forming the tunnelflow path TR is entirely located inside of the seal 420 in the planardirection, which is formed along the outer periphery of the powergeneration layer 200. This arrangement effectively prevents the seal 420from entering and blocking the tunnel flow path TR and thereby satisfiesboth the requirements of the effective sealing and the sufficient flowpath space for the reactive gas without increasing the total number ofparts. According to the embodiment, the depth of the third groove 317for forming the tunnel flow path TR is less than the depth of the deepergroove sections 313 of the second groove 315. This arrangement enablesthe seal 440 between the anode-side separator 310 and the cathode-sideseparator 320 for surrounding the flow area of the coolant to be locatedon the side of the cathode-side separator 320 of the third groove 317.

In the fuel cell 100 of the embodiment, the flow direction of the fuelgas is reverse to the flow direction of the oxidizing gas in the area ofeach unit cell 140 opposed to the corrugated portion WSP. This counterflow arrangement causes water (moisture) produced by the electrochemicalreaction on the cathode side to move from a downstream area in the flowdirection of the oxidizing gas on the cathode side to an upstream areain the flow direction of the fuel gas on the anode side and further movewith the flow of the fuel gas through the anode side, so as to preventthe whole fuel cell 100 from being dried and thereby reduce degradationof the power generation performance. In the fuel cell 100 of theembodiment, the flow path for the oxidizing gas is provided by thecathode-side porous flow path layer 230 having the greater pressure lossthan the pressure loss of the flow path space AS for the fuel gas formedby the second groove 315. The flow direction of the oxidizing gas is,however, along the short-side direction of the unit cell 140 and therebyensures good gas distribution in the planar direction of the unit cell140.

In assembly of each of the unit cells 140 in the fuel cell 100 of theembodiment (including reassembly after disassembly), the coolant isinjected on the first surface of the first grooves 316 of the anode-sideseparator 310 (surface opposed to the cathode-side separator 320) with,for example, a dropper or a syringe, before the anode-side separator 310and the power generation layer 200 are stacked. During stacking, careshould be taken to prevent the injected coolant from being flowed out.This arrangement thus effectively prevents accumulation of the air inthe cavities on the first surface of the first groove 316 and preventsdestabilization of the temperature and the flow rate of the coolant dueto accumulation of the air in the manufactured fuel cell 100. Thisarrangement further reduces the non-uniformity of the temperaturedistribution of the fuel cell 100, thereby preventing the resultinglocal dry-up or local flooding and minimizing the deterioration of thedurability of the electrolyte membrane 212. Any step of exposing thefirst surface of the first grooves 316 to the coolant may be performed,prior to the stacking step. For example, the anode-side separator 310may be entirely soaked in the coolant placed in a vessel.

B. Second Embodiment

FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the cross sectionalstructure of a fuel cell 100 according to a second embodiment. FIG. 7shows a partial cross section of the fuel cell 100 at the position ofB1-B1 in FIG. 2. The fuel cell 100 of the seventh embodiment differs inthe arrangement of tunnel flow paths TR from the fuel cell 100 of thefirst embodiment (FIG. 4), but otherwise has the similar structure tothat of the fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment. The tunnel flow pathTR is a flow path that runs below the seal lines SL formed by the seals440 and 450 (on the side of the power generation layer 200). Like thefirst embodiment, the tunnel flow path TR of the second embodiment isprovided as a flow path that communicates between the fuel gas supplymanifold 162 and the common rail ACR for the fuel gas and between thefuel gas exhaust manifold 164 and the common rail ACR for the fuel gas.

In the fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment, the tunnel flow path TR isformed by providing the third groove 317 in the anode-side separator 310as shown in FIG. 4. In the fuel cell 100 of the second embodiment, onthe other hand, the tunnel flow path TR is formed by providing athin-walled part TP in the anode diffusion layer 216, which has thesurface on the side opposed to the anode-side separator 310 recessedfrom the surface of the other part as shown in FIG. 7. The thin-walledpart TP may be formed by partly cutting or compressing the anodediffusion layer 216. The thin-walled part TP is formed continuously inthe X direction from the position opposed to the common rail ACR for thefuel gas through the downside of the seals 440 and 450 to the positionoutside of the seals 440 and 450 (on the side near to the fuel gassupply manifold 162) and communicates with the opening 318 formed in theanode-side separator 310 at this outside position. Like the firstembodiment shown in FIG. 5, a plurality of tunnel flow paths TR arearranged in the Y direction.

In the fuel cell 100 of the second embodiment, as indicated by thearrows in FIG. 7, hydrogen as the fuel gas supplied to the fuel gassupply manifold 162 flows in from the opening 318 and runs through thetunnel flow path TR on the upstream side (on the supply side), isintroduced into the common rail ACR for the fuel gas on the upstreamside to be diffused in the X direction through the common rail ACR forthe fuel gas and enters the flow path spaces AS for the fuel gascommunicating with the common rail ACR for the fuel gas to flow throughthe flow path spaces AS for the fuel gas in the Y direction. This flowof hydrogen is used for power generation by the membrane electrodeassembly 210. The hydrogen that is not used for power generation flowsfrom the flow path space AS for the fuel gas into the common rail ACRfor the fuel gas on the downstream side (on the exhaust side), runsthrough the common rail ACR for the fuel gas to reach the tunnel flowpath TR on the downstream side and is discharged from the opening 318 ofthe tunnel flow path TR to the fuel gas exhaust manifold 164.

As described above, in the fuel cell 100 of the second embodiment, thetunnel flow path TR is formed by providing the thin-walled part TP inthe anode diffusion layer 216. There is accordingly no requirement ofproviding a part that is convex to the first surface of the anode-sideseparator 310 (surface opposed to the cathode-side separator 320) evenat the location where the tunnel flow path TR is formed. This minimizesthe height reduction of the seals 440 and 450 at the location of thetunnel flow path TR, thus ensuring the good sealing property. In thefuel cell 100 of the second embodiment, like the first embodiment, thisarrangement effectively prevents the seal 420 from entering and blockingthe tunnel flow path TR and thereby satisfies both the requirements ofthe effective sealing and the sufficient flow path space for thereactive gas without increasing the total number of parts.

The tunnel flow path TR may be formed by providing the third groove 317in the anode-side separator 310 like the fuel cell 100 of the firstembodiment (FIG. 4) and additionally providing the thin-walled part TPin the anode diffusion layer 216 to be opposed to the third groove 317.Such modification ensures the sufficient height of the tunnel flow pathTR, while adequately controlling both the depth of the third groove 317and the thickness reduction of the thin-walled part TP of the anodediffusion layer 216 (i.e., difference in thickness from the other part).This arrangement accordingly satisfies both the requirement ofminimizing the increase of the overall thickness of the anode diffusionlayer 216 and the reduction of the strength of the anode diffusion layer216 and the requirement of minimizing the height reduction of the seals440 and 450.

C. Third Embodiment

FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure aroundtunnel flow paths TR in a fuel cell 100 according to a third embodiment.

FIG. 8 shows the plane of the tunnel flow paths TR and the common railACR for the fuel gas communicating with the tunnel flow paths TR and thecross sections at a position A2-A2 and at a position B2-B2 on the plane.The fuel cell 100 of the third embodiment differs in the arrangement ofthe tunnel flow paths TR from the fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment,but otherwise has the similar structure to that of the fuel cell 100 ofthe first embodiment. Each of the tunnel flow paths TR is provided as aflow path that runs below the seal lines SL formed by the seals 440 and450 (on the side of the power generation layer 200) to communicatebetween the fuel gas supply manifold 162 and the common rail ACR for thefuel gas and between the fuel gas exhaust manifold 164 and the commonrail ACR for the fuel gas.

As shown in FIG. 8, in the fuel cell 100 of the third embodiment, likethe first embodiment (FIG. 5), three tunnel flow paths TR are formed bythree third grooves 317 to be arranged in the Y direction. In the fuelcell 100 of the third embodiment, the lowermost third groove 317 out ofthe three third grooves 317 shown in FIG. 8 is located in use at thelowermost position in the direction of gravity. According to the thirdembodiment, the lowermost third groove 317 shown in FIG. 8 is formed tobe extended to the nearest position (rightward position in FIG. 8) tothe common rail ACR for the fuel gas communicating with the flow pathspaces AS for the fuel gas.

Water produced during power generation enters the common rail ACR forthe fuel gas. The produced water entering the common rail ACR for thefuel gas moves with the flow of the fuel gas. The produced water movesto the boundary of the common rail ACR for the fuel gas with the tunnelflow path TR and comes into contact with the tunnel flow path TR to bedrawn into the tunnel flow path TR by capillarity. According to theembodiment, the tunnel flow path TR formed by the third groove 317located at the lowermost position in the direction of gravity isextended to the nearest position to the common rail ACR for the fuelgas, so that the produced water is drawn into the tunnel flow path TRlocated at the lowermost position in the direction of gravity. Thisarrangement, on the other hand, prevents the produced water from beingdrawn into the other tunnel flow paths TR and thereby keeps the othertunnel flow paths TR open without being blocked by the produced water.This arrangement of the fuel cell 100 according to the third embodimentthus facilitates water drainage from the common rail ACR for the fuelgas and prevents all the tunnel flow paths TR from being blocked. Whenthe tunnel flow paths TR are fully blocked, there may be a failedrestart of the fuel cell 100 in the sub-zero temperatures. Thearrangement of this embodiment effectively avoids such a failure.

FIGS. 9A to 9C are explanatory diagrams illustrating the structuresaround tunnel flow paths TR according to some modifications of the thirdembodiment. FIGS. 9A to 9C schematically show the positionalrelationships at the boundaries between the common rail ACR for the fuelgas and the respective tunnel flow paths TR. The upward direction inFIG. 9 corresponds to the upper side in the direction of gravity, whilethe downward direction in FIG. 9 corresponds to the lower side in thedirection of gravity. As shown in the structure of FIG. 9A, the lengthof only the tunnel flow path TR located at the lowermost position in thedirection of gravity may be made greater than the lengths of the othertunnel flow paths TR, so that the tunnel flow path TR located at thelowermost position in the direction of gravity is extended to thenearest position to the common rail ACR for the fuel gas. As shown inthe structure of FIG. 9B, the tunnel flow paths TR may be formed to havesubstantially the same length but to be shifted in position along the Xdirection, so that the tunnel flow path TR located at the lowermostposition in the direction of gravity is extended to the nearest positionto the common rail ACR for the fuel gas. As shown in the structure ofFIG. 9C, the tunnel flow path TR located at the lower position in thedirection of gravity may be formed to have the greater length, so thatthe tunnel flow path TR located at the lowermost position in thedirection of gravity is extended to the nearest position to the commonrail ACR for the fuel gas.

The arrangement of the tunnel flow paths TR shown in FIG. 8 may beadopted only for the side near to the fuel gas exhaust manifold 164,while the arrangement of the tunnel flow paths TR having the boundarieswith the common rail ACR for the fuel gas at substantially the sameposition may be adopted for the side near to the fuel gas supplymanifold 162. FIG. 8 illustrates the arrangement of forming the tunnelflow paths TR by providing the third grooves 317 in the anode-sideseparator 310. In the arrangement of forming the tunnel flow paths TR byproviding the thin-walled parts TP in the anode diffusion layer 216 asdescribed in the second embodiment (FIG. 7), extending the tunnel flowpath TR formed by the thin-walled part TP located at the lowermostposition in the direction of gravity to the nearest position to thecommon rail ACR for the fuel gas effectively prevents all the tunnelflow paths TR from being blocked.

D. Fourth Embodiment

FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the planar structure of afuel cell 100 according to a fourth embodiment. FIGS. 11 and 12 areexplanatory diagrams illustrating the cross sectional structures of thefuel cell 100 of the fourth embodiment. FIG. 11 shows a partial crosssection of the fuel cell 100 at a position A1-A1 in FIG. 10, and FIG. 12shows a partial cross section of the fuel cell 100 at a position B1-B1in FIG. 10.

The fuel cell 100 of the fourth embodiment differs in the relationshipbetween tunnel flow paths TR and a common rail ACR for the fuel gas fromthe fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment, but otherwise has the similarstructure to that of the fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment. As shownin FIGS. 10 and 11, in the fuel cell 100 of the fourth embodiment, aseal 440 for forming the seal line SL that surrounds the flow area ofthe coolant is located not outside but inside of the common rails ACRfor the fuel gas. In the description hereof, the inside of the commonrails ACR for the fuel gas means the side downstream of the common railACR for the fuel gas on the supply side (on the upstream side) but theside upstream of the common rail ACR for the fuel gas on the exhaustside (on the downstream side). There are a seal 460 arranged to surroundthe fuel gas supply manifold 162 and the common rail ACR for the fuelgas on the supply side and a seal 460 arranged to surround the fuel gasexhaust manifold 164 and the common rail ACR for the fuel gas on theexhaust side.

As shown in FIG. 11, tunnel flow paths TR that run below the seal linesSL formed by the seals 450 and 460 (on the side of the power generationlayer 200) to communicate between the common rails ACR for the fuel gasand the flow path spaces AS for the fuel gas are formed by providing thethird grooves 317 between the respective common rails ACR for the fuelgas and the corrugated portion WSP. The tunnel flow paths TR are formedat a plurality of positions along the direction of extension of thecommon rails ACR for the fuel gas.

As indicated by the arrows in FIGS. 11 and 12, hydrogen as the fuel gassupplied to the fuel gas supply manifold 162 is introduced into thecommon rail ACR for the fuel gas on the supply side (on the upstreamside) to be diffused in the X direction through the common rail ACR forthe fuel gas and flows through the tunnel flow paths TR to enter theflow path spaces AS for the fuel gas and flow in the Y direction throughthe flow path spaces AS for the fuel gas. This flow of hydrogen is usedfor power generation by the membrane electrode assembly 210. Thehydrogen that is not used for power generation flows from the flow pathspace AS for the fuel gas through the tunnel flow paths TR to enter thecommon rail ACR for the fuel gas on the downstream side (on the exhaustside) and flows through the common rail ACR for the fuel gas to bedischarged to the fuel gas exhaust manifold 164.

As described above, in the fuel cell 100 of the fourth embodiment, theseal 440 for forming the seal line SL that surrounds the flow area ofthe coolant is located inside of the common rails ACR for the fuel gas.The tunnel flow paths TR are also formed inside of the common rails ACRfor the fuel gas. This arrangement effectively reduces the pressure lossin the flow path, compared with the fuel cell 100 of the firstembodiment where the tunnel flow paths TR are located outside of thecommon rails ACR for the fuel gas.

In the fuel cell 100 of the fourth embodiment, other common rails mayadditionally be provided inside of the tunnel flow paths TR that arelocated inside of the common rails ACR for the fuel gas. Thismodification further improves the distribution of the fuel gas. In thefuel cell 100 of the first embodiment, like the fourth embodiment, othertunnel flow paths TR may additionally be provided inside of the commonrails ACR for the fuel gas.

E. Fifth Embodiment

FIG. 13 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the cross sectionalstructure of an anode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according toa fifth embodiment. FIG. 13 shows the cross section of the anode-sideseparator 310 in the X direction at the position of shallower groovesections 314 (FIGS. 4 and 6). The arrows in FIG. 13 indicate the flowdirection of the coolant through a corrugated flow path for the coolantdefined by communication flow channels CP formed between the shallowergroove sections 314 of the anode-side separator 310 and the cathode-sideseparator 320 and flow path spaces CS for the coolant formed between thefirst grooves 316 and the cathode-side separator 320. In the illustratedexample of FIG. 13, the left side of the drawing corresponds to theupstream side and the right side of the drawing corresponds to thedownstream side.

The fuel cell 100 of the fifth embodiment differs in the shape of theshallower groove sections 314 of the anode-side separator 310 from thefuel cell 100 of the first embodiment, but otherwise has the similarstructure to that of the fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment.According to the fifth embodiment, as shown in FIG. 13, the crosssectional shape of the shallower groove section 314 is controlled tohave a larger curvature radius Ra on the downstream side of the flow ofthe coolant in each of the communication flow channels CP than acurvature of radius Rb on the upstream side.

The anode-side separator 310 having the shallower groove sections 314 ofthis cross sectional shape may be manufactured by press-forming a metalplate. The anode-side separator 310 may be manufactured by machining ametal plate or a carbon resin plate or by etching a metal plate. Theanode-side separator 310 may otherwise be manufactured by injectionmolding carbon resin material.

Setting the larger curvature radius Ra on the downstream side of theflow of the coolant in each of the communication flow channels CPfacilitates the coolant flowing through the communication flow channelCP to flow into a portion nearer to (the anode diffusion layer 216 of)the power generation layer 200 (i.e., portion on the lower side in thedrawing), rather than directly passing through a portion nearer to thecathode-side separator 320 (portion on the upper side in the drawing) inthe flow path space CS for the coolant on the downstream side. Simplyincreasing the curvature radius Ra on the downstream side of the flow ofthe coolant in each of the communication flow channels CP, however,reduces the cross sectional area of the flow path space AS for the fuelgas at the positions of the shallower groove sections 314 on the side ofthe power generation layer 200. In the fuel cell 100 of the fifthembodiment, the cross sectional shape of the shallower groove sections314 is accordingly controlled to have the larger curvature radius Ra onthe downstream side of the flow of the coolant in the communication flowchannel CP than the curvature radius Rb on the upstream side. Thisarrangement effectively prevents stagnation of the coolant in the flowpath spaces CS for the coolant and thereby reduces degradation of thecooling performance of the fuel cell 100, while minimizing the reductionof the cross sectional area of the flow path spaces AS for the fuel gas.For example, when the depth d2 of the shallower groove sections 314 isequal to 1 mm, it is preferable that the curvature radius Ra on thedownstream side is greater than 0.5 and that the curvature radius Rb onthe upstream side is smaller than 0.1.

FIG. 14 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the cross sectionalstructure of an anode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according toone modification of the fifth embodiment. In the modification of thefifth embodiment, as shown in FIG. 14, the cross sectional shape of theshallower groove section 314 is controlled to have a greater draft angleθB on the downstream side of the flow of the coolant in thecommunication flow channel CP than a draft angle θA on the upstreamside. The draft angle herein means an angle of the center line of thewall member of the shallower groove section 314 forming the boundarybetween the communication flow channel CP and the flow path space CS forthe coolant to the vertical direction.

Setting the greater draft angle θB on the downstream side of the flow ofthe coolant in the communication flow channel CP than the draft angle θAon the upstream side similarly facilitates the coolant flowing throughthe communication flow channel CP to flow into a portion nearer to thepower generation layer 200 (i.e., portion on the lower side in thedrawing) in the flow path space CS for the coolant on the downstreamside. This arrangement effectively prevents stagnation of the coolant inthe flow path spaces CS for the coolant and thereby reduces degradationof the cooling performance of the fuel cell 100, while minimizing thereduction of the cross sectional area of the flow path spaces AS for thefuel gas. It is preferable that the draft angle θB on the downstreamside is greater than 45 degrees and that the draft angle θA on theupstream side is less than 30 degrees.

F. Sixth Embodiment

FIG. 15 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the cross sectionalstructure of an anode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according toa sixth embodiment. FIG. 15 shows the cross section of the anode-sideseparator 310 in the X direction at the position of shallower groovesections 314 (FIGS. 4 and 6). The arrows in FIG. 15 indicate the flowdirection of the coolant through a corrugated flow path for the coolantdefined by communication flow channels CP formed between the shallowergroove sections 314 of the anode-side separator 310 and the cathode-sideseparator 320 and flow path spaces CS for the coolant formed between thefirst grooves 316 and the cathode-side separator 320. In the illustratedexample of FIG. 15, the left side of the drawing corresponds to theupstream side and the right side of the drawing corresponds to thedownstream side.

The fuel cell 100 of the sixth embodiment differs in the shape of theshallower groove sections 314 of the anode-side separator 310 from thefuel cell 100 of the fifth embodiment shown in FIG. 13, but otherwisehas the similar structure to that of the fuel cell 100 of the fifthembodiment. According to the sixth embodiment, as shown in FIG. 15, thecross sectional shape of the shallower groove section 314 is controlledto have a smaller curvature radius Ra on the downstream side of the flowof the coolant in each of the communication flow channels CP than acurvature of radius Rb on the upstream side.

Setting the smaller curvature radius Ra on the downstream side of theflow of the coolant in each of the communication flow channels CPinterferes with the inflow of the coolant through the communication flowchannel CP into a portion nearer to (the anode diffusion layer 216 of)the power generation layer 200 (i.e., portion on the lower side in thedrawing) in the flow path space CS for the coolant on the downstreamside and thereby regulates the flow of the coolant. The inflow of thecoolant into the portion nearer to the power generation layer 200 in theflow path space CS for the coolant causes the turbulent flow of thecoolant to increase the pressure loss in the flow path. This results inincreasing the load of the water pump 71 and reducing the fuelconsumption. In the fuel cell 100 of the sixth embodiment, the crosssectional shape of the shallower groove sections 314 is accordinglycontrolled to have the smaller curvature radius Ra on the downstreamside of the flow of the coolant in the communication flow channel CPthan the curvature radius Rb on the upstream side. This arrangementeffectively prevents the inflow of the coolant into the portion nearerto the power generation layer 200 in the flow path space CS for thecoolant, thereby regulating the flow of the coolant and minimizing theincrease of the pressure loss in the flow path. For example, when thedepth d2 of the shallower groove sections 314 is equal to 1 mm, it ispreferable that the curvature radius Ra on the downstream side issmaller than 0.1 and that the curvature radius Rb on the upstream sideis larger than 0.5.

FIG. 16 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the cross sectionalstructure of an anode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according toone modification of the sixth embodiment. In the modification of thesixth embodiment, as shown in FIG. 16, the cross sectional shape of theshallower groove section 314 is controlled to have a smaller draft angleθB on the downstream side of the flow of the coolant in thecommunication flow channel CP than a draft angle θA on the upstreamside.

Setting the smaller draft angle θB on the downstream side of the flow ofthe coolant in the communication flow channel CP than the draft angle θAon the upstream side similarly prevents the inflow of the coolant intothe portion nearer to the power generation layer 200 in the flow pathspace CS for the coolant, thereby regulating the flow of the coolant andminimizing the increase of the pressure loss in the flow path.

G. Seventh Embodiment

FIG. 17 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a seventhembodiment. The fuel cell 100 of the seventh embodiment differs in thefirst surface of the anode-side separator 310 (surface opposed to thecathode-side separator 320) subjected to specific surface treatment fromthe fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment, but otherwise has the similarstructure to that of the fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment.

According to the seventh embodiment, the manufacturing process of theanode-side separator 310 makes the entire first surface of thecorrugated portion WSP subjected to honing as hydrophilic treatment andsubsequently makes the entire first surface subjected to immersionplating. After the plating, the anode-side separator 310 is dried withthe first surface up, so that the plating solution flows into the firstgrooves 316 to thicken the plated layer. The manufacturing processsubsequently sprays a water repellent agent, such as Teflon (registeredtrademark), into areas S1 of the first grooves 316 adjoining to theshallower groove sections 314 to enhance the water repellency in theareas S1. The anode-side separator 310 manufactured by this process hashigh corrosion resistance and high water repellency in the areas S1 ofthe first grooves 316 adjoining to the shallower groove sections 314 onthe first surface of the corrugated portion WSP, while having highhydrophilicity in surface areas S2 of the shallower groove sections 314.

The eluted substances from various parts of the fuel cell system 10 tendto accumulate in the areas S1 of the first grooves 316 adjoining to theshallower groove sections 314. In the anode-side separator 310 of theseventh embodiment, however, the high corrosion resistance in the areasS1 effectively protects the anode-side separator 310 from corrosion. Thecommunication flow channels CP formed by the shallower groove sections314 have relatively less height and thereby tend to increase thepressure loss. In the anode-side separator 310 of the seventhembodiment, however, the high hydrophilicity in the surface areas S2 ofthe shallower groove sections 314 decreases the friction coefficient ofpipe and thereby minimizes the increase of the pressure loss. Thecoolant also tends to accumulate in the areas S1 of the first grooves316 adjoining to the shallower groove sections 314. The accumulatedcoolant may run over to reduce the workability during disassembly of theunit cells 140 for the purpose of, for example, repair. In theanode-side separator 310 of the seventh embodiment, however, the highwater repellency in the areas S1 improves the removability of thecoolant and interferes with accumulation of the coolant, so as tominimize the reduction of the workability during disassembly.

The manufacturing process of the anode-side separator 310 mayalternatively perform the following treatment to have the similaradvantageous effects to those of the seventh embodiment described above.The manufacturing process of the anode-side separator 310 may make theentire first surface of the corrugated portion WSP subjected to carboncoating as corrosion resistant treatment, subsequently makes the entirefirst surface subjected to UV treatment to make the surface hydrophilic,and makes the areas S1 of the first grooves 316 adjoining to theshallower groove sections 314 subjected to resin coating to enhance thewater repellency. The anode-side separator 310 manufactured by thisprocess also has high corrosion resistance and high water repellency inthe areas S1 of the first grooves 316 adjoining to the shallower groovesections 314 on the first surface of the corrugated portion WSP, whilehaving high hydrophilicity in the surface areas S2 of the shallowergroove sections 314.

H. Eighth Embodiment

FIGS. 18A to 18D are explanatory diagrams illustrating the structure ofan anode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to an eighthembodiment. FIG. 18A shows the planar structure of part of the firstsurface of the anode-side separator 310 (surface opposed to thecathode-side separator 320). FIG. 18B shows the cross sectionalstructure at a position A3-A3 in FIG. 18A. FIG. 18C is a perspectiveview showing the structure around a deeper groove section 313 and ashallower groove section 314.

The fuel cell 100 of the eighth embodiment differs in additionalformation of wall members 352 and floor members 354 on the first surfaceof the corrugated portion WSP of the anode-side separator 310 from thefuel cell 100 of the first embodiment, but otherwise has the similarstructure to that of the fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment. Morespecifically, in the anode-side separator 310 of the eighth embodiment,the wall member 352 is formed on the downstream side of the deepergroove section 313 in the flow direction of the coolant in thecommunication flow channel CP to be located on the extension of aboundary wall BW between the deeper groove section 313 and the shallowergroove section 314. According to this embodiment, the wall member 352 isprovided as a separate part made of the same material (metal material inthis embodiment) as that of the anode-side separator 310 and adheres tothe surface of the first groove 316 in the anode-side separator 310. Thewall member 352 is formed in the shape of a triangular prism to ensurethe sufficient area for adhesion.

In the anode-side separator 310 of the eighth embodiment, the floormember 354 is formed on the downstream side of the shallower groovesection 314 to be located on the extension of a floor surface BP of theshallower groove section 314. According to this embodiment, the floormember 354 is provided as a separate part made of the same material(metal material in this embodiment) as that of the anode-side separator310 and adheres to the downstream wall surface of the shallower groovesection 314 in the anode-side separator 310. The floor member 354 isformed in the shape of a triangular prism to ensure the sufficient areafor adhesion. It is preferable that the downstream edge of the floormember 354 is located downstream of the downstream end of the shallowergroove section 314. In other words, it is preferable that a distance L1is greater than a distance L0 in FIG. 18B.

In the fuel cell 100 of the eighth embodiment, additional formation ofthe wall member 352 and the floor member 354 in the corrugated portionWSP of the anode-side separator 310 prevents the coolant flowing throughthe communication flow channel CP from going around and flowing into thearea on the downstream side of the deeper groove section 313 in the flowpath space CS for the coolant on the downstream side and from flowinginto the portion nearer to (the anode diffusion layer 216 of) the powergeneration layer 200 in the flow path space CS for the coolant on thedownstream side, thereby regulating the flow of the coolant. Thestructure of the fuel cell 100 according to the eighth embodiment thuseffectively prevents the turbulent flow of the coolant, thus minimizingthe increase of the pressure loss in the flow path, the increase of theload of the water pump 71 and the reduction of the fuel consumption.

The shape of the wall member 352 is not limited to the shape of atriangular prism but may be any shape of the wall located on theextension of the boundary wall BW. The material of the wall member 352is not limited to the metal material. Similarly, the shape of the floormember 354 is not limited to the shape of a triangular prism but may beany shape of the floor located on the extension of the floor surface BP.The material of the floor member 354 is also not limited to the metalmaterial. The wall members 352 and the floor members 354 may be formedintegrally with the anode-side separator 310 in the process ofpress-forming the anode-side separator 310. FIG. 18D shows the structureof the floor members 354 formed integrally with the anode-side separator310 in the process of press-forming the anode-side separator 310. Thisadvantageously saves the working step.

I. Ninth Embodiment

FIGS. 19A to 19C are explanatory diagrams illustrating the structure ofan anode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a ninthembodiment. FIG. 19A shows the planar structure of part of the firstsurface of the anode-side separator 310 (surface opposed to thecathode-side separator 320). FIG. 19B shows the cross sectionalstructure at a position A4-A4 in FIG. 19A. FIG. 19C shows the crosssectional structure at a position B4-B4 in FIG. 19A.

The fuel cell 100 of the ninth embodiment differs in additionalplacement of spacers 362 on the first surface of the corrugated portionWSP of the anode-side separator 310 from the fuel cell 100 of the firstembodiment, but otherwise has the similar structure to that of the fuelcell 100 of the first embodiment. More specifically, in the anode-sideseparator 310 of the ninth embodiment, the spacers 362 are located tofill the space at specific positions in the first groove 316 adjoiningto the deeper groove sections 313. The spacer 362 is preferably made ofan electrically conductive material (for example, metal or carbonmaterial) but may be made of a non-conductive material (for example,resin). The spacer 362 may be placed to entirely block the flow pathspace CS for the coolant formed on the first surface of the first groove316 or may alternatively be placed to block a portion of the flow pathspace CS for the coolant nearer to the power generation layer 200 whileopening the remaining portion nearer to the cathode-side separator 320.

In the fuel cell 100 of the ninth embodiment, the additional placementof the spacer 362 in the corrugated portion WSP of the anode-sideseparator 310 prevents the coolant flowing through the communicationflow channel CP from going around and flowing into the area on thedownstream side of the deeper groove section 313 in the flow path spaceCS for the coolant on the downstream side to regulate the flow of thecoolant, while preventing accumulation of the coolant in the area on thedownstream side of the deeper groove section 313. The structure of thefuel cell 100 according to the ninth embodiment thus effectivelyprevents the turbulent flow of the coolant, so as to minimize theincrease of the pressure loss in the flow path, the increase of the loadof the water pump 71 and the reduction of the fuel consumption, whileprotecting the anode-side separator 310 from corrosion due toaccumulation of the coolant.

The spacers 362 may be formed integrally with the anode-side separator310 in the process of press-forming the anode-side separator 310.Alternatively the surface of the cathode-side separator 320 opposed tothe anode-side separator 310 may be press-formed. During the stackingassembly of the fuel cell 100, convexes formed on the surface of thecathode-side separator 320 may be inserted into specific positions inthe first groove 316 adjoining to the deeper groove sections 313 in theanode-side separator 310 to serve as the spacers 362.

J. Tenth Embodiment

FIG. 20 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a tenthembodiment. The fuel cell 100 of the tenth embodiment differs in thestructure of the second grooves 315 in the anode-side separator 310 fromthe fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment, but otherwise has the similarstructure to that of the fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 20, according to the tenth embodiment, like the firstembodiment, each of the second grooves 315 in the anode-side separator310 has a plurality of shallower groove sections 314. Each of theshallower groove sections 314 is formed at a specific position to bealigned with the corresponding shallower groove section 314 formed inanother adjacent second groove 315. The structure of the tenthembodiment differs from the structure of the first embodiment in the waythat the plurality of shallower groove sections 314 formed in each ofthe second grooves 315 include normal shallower groove sections 314 aand medium-depth shallower groove sections 314 b that have the greaterdepth than that of the normal shallower groove sections 314 a. Themedium-depth shallower groove section 314 b has the intermediate depthbetween the depth of the normal shallower groove section 314 a and thedepth of the deeper groove section 131. The cross sectional area of thecommunication flow channel CP formed at the position of the medium-depthshallower groove section 314 b is accordingly smaller than the crosssectional area of the communication flow channel CP formed at theposition of the normal shallower groove section 314 a. As describedabove, the depth of the second groove 315 (deeper groove section 313 andshallower groove section 314) means the distance in the stackingdirection from the position of the outermost part on the second surfaceof the anode-side separator 310 to the position of the outermost part onthe first surface of the second groove 315. The medium-depth shallowergroove section 314 b in each of the second grooves 315 is arranged atthe position opposed to the normal shallower groove section 314 a in anadjacent second groove 315. The communication flow channel CP formed atthe position of the normal shallower groove section 314 a is accordinglylocated upstream of the communication flow channel CP formed at theposition of the medium-depth shallower groove section 314 b.

In the fuel cell 100 of the tenth embodiment, the communication flowchannel CP of the larger cross section formed at the position of thenormal shallower groove section 314 a is located upstream of thecommunication flow channel CP of the smaller cross section formed at theposition of the medium-depth shallower groove section 314 b. Thisarrangement prevents the coolant flowing through the communication flowchannel CP formed at the position of the normal shallower groove section314 a from flowing into the communication flow channel CP formed at theposition of the medium-depth shallower groove section 314 b on thedownstream side and facilitates the inflow of the coolant into the flowpath space CS for the coolant instead. The presence of the communicationflow channel CP that has the small cross sectional area at the positionof the medium-depth shallower groove section 314 b prevents the extremeturbulent flow of the coolant, thereby minimizing the increase of thepressure loss in the flow path, the increase of the load of the waterpump 71 and the reduction of the fuel consumption due to the turbulentflow. The structure of the fuel cell 100 according to the tenthembodiment thus prevents both the extreme turbulent flow of the coolantand stagnation of the coolant in the flow path space CS for the coolant,thus minimizing the degradation of the cooling performance of the fuelcell 100.

According to the tenth embodiment, as shown in FIG. 20, it is preferablethat the normal shallower groove sections 314 a and the medium-depthshallower groove sections 314 b are arranged alternately in each of thesecond grooves 315. This configuration pattern effectively preventsstagnation of the coolant in the flow path space CS for the coolant overthe whole area of the corrugated portion WSP, while equalizing the flowrate of the coolant, so as to improve the cooling performance of thefuel cell 100. The medium-depth shallower groove sections 314 b may bearranged at the higher density in an area nearer to the inlet of theoxidizing gas (i.e., area nearer to the oxidizing gas supply manifold152). This arrangement enables the area nearer to the inlet of theoxidizing gas to be more effectively cooled down and thereby preventsthe unit cell 140 from being dried. The configuration pattern of thenormal shallower groove sections 314 a and the medium-depth shallowergroove sections 314 b in each of the second grooves 315 may be setarbitrarily. For example, the configuration pattern may have two normalshallower groove sections 314 a and one medium-depth shallower groovesection 314 b arranged alternately and repeatedly.

FIG. 21 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to onemodification of the tenth embodiment. In the anode-side separator 310 ofthe modification of the tenth embodiment shown in FIG. 21, the depth ofthe medium-depth shallower groove section 314 b included in theanode-side separator 310 of the tenth embodiment shown in FIG. 20 is setequal to the depth of the deeper groove section 313. In other words, themedium-depth shallower groove section 314 b is integrated with thedeeper groove section 313 in the modification of the tenth embodiment.This structure of the modification of the tenth embodiment alsofacilitates the coolant flowing through the communication flow channelCP formed at the position of the normal shallower groove section 314 ato flow into the flow path space CS for the coolant on the downstreamside, so as to prevent stagnation of the coolant in the flow path spaceCS for the coolant and minimize the degradation of the coolingperformance of the fuel cell 100.

K. Eleventh Embodiment

FIG. 22 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to an eleventhembodiment. FIG. 22 shows the cross section of the anode-side separator310 in the Y direction at the position of the second groove 315 (FIGS. 4and 6). The arrows in FIG. 22 indicate the flow direction of hydrogen inthe flow path space AS for the fuel gas formed between the second groove315 (deeper groove section 313 and shallower groove section 314) of theanode-side separator 310 and (the anode diffusion layer 216 of) thepower generation layer 200. In the illustrated example of FIG. 22, theupper side of the drawing corresponds to the upstream side and the lowerside of the drawing corresponds to the downstream side. The fuel cell100 of the eleventh embodiment differs in the structure of theanode-side separator 310 from the fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment,but otherwise has the similar structure to that of the fuel cell 100 ofthe first embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 22, according to the eleventh embodiment, like thefirst embodiment, each of the second grooves 315 in the anode-sideseparator 310 has a plurality of shallower groove sections 314. Thestructure of the eleventh embodiment differs from the structure of thefirst embodiment in the way that a boundary wall BW between the deepergroove section 313 and the shallower groove section 314 that is adjacentto the deeper groove section 313 on the downstream side of the flow ofhydrogen in the flow path space AS for the fuel gas is inclined, suchthat the position nearer to the second surface (surface opposed to thepower generation layer 200) is located on the lower stream side. Inother words, in the structure of the eleventh embodiment, the boundarywall BW is inclined at a predetermined angle θC to the stackingdirection.

In the anode-side separator 310, when the boundary wall BW is arrangedparallel to the stacking direction, water tends to accumulate in aportion Px on the boundary wall BW that is on the downstream side of thedeeper groove section 313 in the flow path space AS for the fuel gas atthe position of the deeper groove section 313. Such accumulation ofwater may cause corrosion of the anode-side separator 310. Especially, alarger amount of water tends to accumulate in the portion Px on thelower stream side of the flow path space AS for the fuel gas. In thestructure of the eleventh embodiment, the boundary wall BW between thedeeper groove section 313 and the shallower groove section 314 on thedownstream side that is adjacent to the deeper groove section 313 isinclined, such that the position nearer to the second surface is locatedon the lower stream side. This structure effectively preventsaccumulation of water in the portion Px on the boundary wall BW andthereby protects the anode-side separator 310 from corrosion.

FIG. 23 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to onemodification of the eleventh embodiment. According to the modificationof the eleventh embodiment shown in FIG. 23, a boundary wall BW betweenthe deeper groove section 313 and the shallower groove section 314 thatis adjacent to the deeper groove section 313 on the downstream side ofthe flow of hydrogen in the flow path space AS for the fuel gas isinclined, such that the position nearer to the second surface is locatedon the lower stream side. In the modification of the eleventhembodiment, as shown in FIG. 23, the shallower groove section 314 ineach of the second grooves 315 located on the lower stream side of theflow of hydrogen in the flow path space AS for the fuel gas is formed tohave the greater depth d (i.e., d10<d11<d12). The structure of themodification of the eleventh embodiment accordingly prevents the wateraccumulated in the portion Px on the boundary wall BW from dropping downand accumulating on another boundary wall BW on the downstream side inthe course of moving downstream. This arrangement more effectivelyprotects the anode-side separator 310 from corrosion. In themodification of the eleventh embodiment, as shown in FIG. 23, theshallower groove section 314 located on the lower stream side is alsoformed to have the larger width W (i.e., W10<W11<W12). The structure ofthe modification of the eleventh embodiment forms the shallower groovesection 314 located on the lower stream side to have the greater depthd. This decreases the height of the communication flow channel CP formedon the first surface of the shallower groove section 314 (surfaceopposed to the cathode-side separator 320). The structure of thismodification, however, forms the shallower groove section 314 located onthe lower stream side to have the larger width W, so as to minimize thereduction of the cross sectional area of the communication flow channelCP on the downstream side.

L. Twelfth Embodiment

FIG. 24 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a twelfthembodiment. FIG. 24 shows the cross section of the anode-side separator310 in the Y direction at the position of the second groove 315 (FIGS. 4and 6). The arrows in FIG. 24 indicate the flow direction of hydrogen inthe flow path space AS for the fuel gas formed between the second groove315 (deeper groove section 313 and shallower groove section 314) of theanode-side separator 310 and (the anode diffusion layer 216 of) thepower generation layer 200. The fuel cell 100 of the twelfth embodimentdiffers in the structure of the anode-side separator 310 from the fuelcell 100 of the first embodiment, but otherwise has the similarstructure to that of the fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 24, according to the twelfth embodiment, like the firstembodiment, each of the second grooves 315 in the anode-side separator310 has a plurality of shallower groove sections 314. In the structureof the twelfth embodiment, the plurality of shallower groove sections314 include multiple different types of shallower groove sections 314having different depths d. In the illustrated example of FIG. 24, thedepth d of the shallower groove sections 314 varies according to therelation of d21>d22>d23>d24.

For example, at the position of the shallower groove section 314 havingthe relatively large depth d21, the flow path space AS for the fuel gasformed on the second surface of the anode-side separator 310 (surfaceopposed to the power generation layer 200) has the relatively low flowrate of hydrogen (i.e., relatively small pressure), which causes thesmall current density and the small amount of heat generation. At thesame position, the communication flow channel CP formed on the firstsurface of the anode-side separator 310 (surface opposed to thecathode-side separator 320) has the relatively low flow rate of thecoolant, which causes the small heat quantity for cooling. At theposition of the shallower groove section 314 having the relatively smalldepth d24, on the other hand, the flow path space AS for the fuel gasformed on the second surface of the anode-side separator 310 has therelatively high flow rate of hydrogen (i.e., relatively large pressure),which causes the large current density and the large amount of heatgeneration. At the same position, the communication flow channel CPformed on the first surface of the anode-side separator 310 has therelatively high flow rate of the coolant, which causes the large heatquantity for cooling.

As described above, the different depths of the shallower groovesections 314 cause the different current densities and the differentamounts of heat generation during power generation as well as thedifferent heat quantities for cooling by the coolant at the respectivepositions of the shallower groove sections 314. In general, each unitcell 140 of the fuel cell 100 has unequal distributions of theconcentration of the reactive gas and the humidity in the plane of theunit cell 140, which cause unequal distribution of the amount of heatgeneration during power generation. In the structure of this embodiment,the plurality of shallower groove sections 314 include multipledifferent types of shallower groove sections 314 having different depthsd. The power generation distribution and the temperature distribution ineach unit cell 140 can thus be equalized by adequately arranging thesedifferent types of shallower groove sections 314.

M. Thirteenth Embodiment

FIG. 25 is an explanatory diagram illustrating a control method of thefuel cell 100 according to a thirteenth embodiment. The presence of thefirst grooves 316 and the second grooves 315 in the anode-side separator310 in combination with the presence of the deeper groove sections 313and the shallower groove sections 314 in the second grooves 315 causescontamination or air bubbles to be trapped in specific portions of theflow path spaces AS for the fuel gas that are adjacent to the deepergroove sections 313 during operation of the fuel cell 100. Thecontamination or air bubbles trapped in such portions interfere with theturbulent flow of the coolant and thereby reduce the pressure loss inthe flow path for the coolant as shown in FIG. 25.

According to this embodiment, the controller 80 of the fuel cell system10 measures the pressure loss in the flow path for the coolant anddetects whether the measured pressure loss is less than a predeterminedthreshold value Th. When detecting that the pressure loss that is lessthan the predetermined threshold value Th, the controller 80 outputs asignal that informs the user of the occurrence of an abnormality in theflow path for the coolant. The user accordingly recognizes thatcontamination or air bubbles are trapped in the flow path space AS forthe fuel gas in the anode-side separator 310. The embodiment can detectthe occurrence of an abnormality in the flow path for the coolant bythis simple configuration.

N. Fourth Embodiment

FIG. 26 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a fourteenthembodiment. FIG. 26 shows the cross section of the anode-side separator310 in the Y direction at the position of the second groove 315 (FIGS. 4and 6). The arrows in FIG. 26 indicate the flow direction of hydrogen inthe flow path space AS for the fuel gas formed between the second groove315 (deeper groove section 313 and shallower groove section 314) of theanode-side separator 310 and (the anode diffusion layer 216 of) thepower generation layer 200. In the illustrated example of FIG. 26, theupper side of the drawing corresponds to the upstream side and the lowerside of the drawing corresponds to the downstream side. The fuel cell100 of the fourteenth embodiment differs in the structure of theanode-side separator 310 from the fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment,but otherwise has the similar structure to that of the fuel cell 100 ofthe first embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 26, according to the fourteenth embodiment, like thefirst embodiment, each of the second grooves 315 in the anode-sideseparator 310 has a plurality of shallower groove sections 314. Thestructure of the fourteenth embodiment differs from the structure of thefirst embodiment in the way that a boundary wall BW between the deepergroove section 313 and the shallower groove section 314 that is adjacentto the deeper groove section 313 on the downstream side of the flow ofhydrogen in the flow path space AS for the fuel gas is inclined, suchthat the position farther from the second surface (surface opposed tothe power generation layer 200) is located on the lower stream side. Inother words, in the structure of the eleventh embodiment, the boundarywall BW is inclined at a predetermined angle θD to the stackingdirection.

In the structure of the fourteenth embodiment, the boundary wall BWbetween the deeper groove section 313 and the shallower groove section314 on the downstream side that is adjacent to the deeper groove section313 is inclined, such that the position farther from the second surfaceis located on the lower stream side. This structure acceleratesaccumulation of water in a portion Py on the boundary wall BW. Thestructure of the fourteenth embodiment can thus prevent the fuel cell100 from being dried up during high-temperature operation, therebyminimizing the reduction of the power generation efficiency anddeterioration of the durability of the electrolyte membrane 212.

In the fourteenth embodiment, the hydrophilicity of the surface of thedeeper groove sections 313 in the anode-side separator 310 opposed tothe flow path space AS for the fuel gas may be enhanced to accelerateaccumulation of water in the portion Py on the boundary wall BW. Thehydrophilicity may be enhanced by hydrophilic treatment or by rougheningthe surface of the anode-side separator 310.

O. Fifteenth Embodiment

FIG. 27 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a fifteenthembodiment. FIG. 27 shows the planar structure of part of the firstsurface of the anode-side separator 310 (surface opposed to thecathode-side separator 320).

The fuel cell 100 of the fifteenth embodiment differs from the fuel cell100 of the first embodiment in the shape of the boundary wall betweenthe deeper groove section 313 and the shallower groove section 314 andthe arrangement of the shallower groove sections 314 in the anode-sideseparator 310, but otherwise has the similar structure to that of thefuel cell 100 of the first embodiment. In the anode-side separator 310of the fifteenth embodiment, the deeper groove section 313 has a planarshape of approximate regular hexagon. The boundary wall between thedeeper groove section 313 and the shallower groove section 314 isaccordingly formed to have parts inclined at predetermined angles to theflow direction of the coolant in the communication flow channel CP. Inthe corrugated portion WSP of the anode-side separator 310, theshallower groove sections 314 are arranged in zigzag. In other words, adistance L11 in the Y direction between the shallower groove sections314 of two adjacent second grooves 315 is substantially half the pitch(2×L11) of the shallower groove sections 314 in each of the secondgrooves 315.

In the fuel cell 100 of the fifteenth embodiment, the boundary wallbetween the deeper groove section 313 and the shallower groove section314 has inclined parts, so that the flow direction of the coolant ismade partly oblique along the inclined parts of the boundary wallsbetween the deeper groove sections 313 and the shallower groove sections314 in the communication flow channel CP formed at the positions of theshallower groove sections 314. The zigzag arrangement of the shallowergroove sections 314 facilitate the coolant in the oblique flow directionto flow into the communication flow channel CP formed at the position ofthe obliquely-located shallower groove section 314. The structure of thefuel cell 100 of the fifteenth embodiment accordingly allows moreflexible arrangement of the flow path for the coolant. For example, inthe fuel cell 100, the insufficient flow rate of the coolant oraccumulation of the air may degrade the cooling performance in the upperarea of each unit cell 140 in the direction of gravity. Using theanode-side separator 310 of this embodiment can, however, guide the flowof the coolant to the obliquely upward direction, thus minimizing thedegradation of the cooling performance over the whole area of the unitcell 140.

FIG. 28 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to onemodification of the fifteenth embodiment. In the modification of thefifteenth embodiment shown in FIG. 28, like the illustrated example ofFIG. 27, the shallower groove sections 314 are arranged in zigzag. Inthe modification of the fifteenth embodiment shown in FIG. 28, however,unlike the illustrated example of FIG. 27, the deeper groove section 313has a planar shape of rectangle without one set of diagonal corners.Similarly the boundary wall between the deeper groove section 313 andthe shallower groove section 314 is formed to have parts inclined atpredetermined angles to the flow direction of the coolant in thecommunication flow channel CP. The structure of the modification of thefifteenth embodiment shown in FIG. 28 thus also allows flexiblearrangement of the flow path for the coolant.

In the illustrated examples of FIGS. 27 and 28, the shallower groovesections 314 are arranged in zigzag. Even when the shallower groovesections 314 are not arranged in zigzag, however, forming the boundarywall between the deeper groove section 313 and the shallower groovesection 314 to have parts inclined at predetermined angles to the flowdirection of the coolant in the communication flow channel CP makes theoblique flow direction of the coolant and thereby allows more flexiblearrangement of the flow path for the coolant. In the illustratedexamples of FIGS. 27 and 28, the shallower groove sections 314 arearranged in zigzag. Even when the shallower groove sections 314 are notarranged in zigzag, however, arranging the shallower groove section 314in each of the second grooves 315 at a position shifted in apredetermined direction by a predetermined distance from the position ofthe shallower groove section 314 in another adjacent second groove 315also makes the oblique flow direction of the coolant and thereby allowsmore flexible arrangement of the flow path for the coolant.

P. Sixteenth Embodiment

FIG. 29 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a sixteenthembodiment. FIG. 29 shows the planar structure of part of the firstsurface of the anode-side separator 310 (surface opposed to thecathode-side separator 320).

The fuel cell 100 of the sixteenth embodiment differs from the fuel cell100 of the first embodiment in the arrangement of the shallower groovesections 314 in the anode-side separator 310, but otherwise has thesimilar structure to that of the fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment.In the anode-side separator 310 of the sixteenth embodiment, theshallower groove sections 314 are arranged in zigzag. In other words, adistance L21 in the Y direction between the shallower groove sections314 of two adjacent second grooves 315 is substantially half the pitch(2×L21) of the shallower groove sections 314 in each of the secondgrooves 315.

In the fuel cell 100 of the sixteenth embodiment, the zigzag arrangementof the shallower groove sections 314 causes the coolant passing throughthe communication flow channel CP formed at the position of theshallower groove section 314 not to directly move downstream but to flowthrough the flow path space CS for the coolant into the communicationflow channel CP formed at the position of the obliquely-locatedshallower groove section 314 on the downstream side. The structure ofthe fuel cell 100 according to the sixteenth embodiment thus preventsstagnation of the coolant in the flow path space CS for the coolant,thereby minimizing the degradation of the cooling performance of thefuel cell 100.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 29, the shallower groove sections 314are arranged in zigzag. Even when the shallower groove sections 314 arenot arranged in zigzag, however, arranging the shallower groove section314 in each of the second grooves 315 at a position shifted in apredetermined direction by a predetermined distance from the position ofthe shallower groove section 314 in another adjacent second groove 315prevents stagnation of the coolant in the flow path space CS for thecoolant and thereby minimizes the degradation of the cooling performanceof the fuel cell 100. FIG. 30 is an explanatory diagram illustrating thestructure of an anode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according toone modification of the sixteenth embodiment. In the illustrated exampleof FIG. 30, a distance L22 in the Y direction between the shallowergroove sections 314 of two adjacent second grooves 315 is substantiallyone quarter the pitch (4×L22) of the shallower groove sections 314 ineach of the second grooves 315. The structure of the fuel cell 100 inthe modification of the sixteenth embodiment shown in FIG. 30 alsoprevents stagnation of the coolant in the flow path space CS for thecoolant and thereby minimizes the degradation of the cooling performanceof the fuel cell 100.

Q. Seventeenth Embodiment

FIG. 31 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to a seventeenthembodiment. FIG. 31 shows the enlarged illustration of the second groove315 (deeper groove section 313 and shallower groove section 314) in thecorrugated portion WSP of the anode-side separator 310. The fuel cell100 of the seventeenth embodiment differs in the structure of the deepergroove section 313 and the shallower groove section 314 from the fuelcell 100 of the first embodiment, but otherwise has the similarstructure to that of the fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 31, according to the seventeenth embodiment, the deepergroove section 313 has a diameter Rm that is greater than a diameter Rvof the shallower groove section 314. This structure of the seventeenthembodiment reduces the volume of a specific part adjacent to the deepergroove section 313 in the flow path space CS for the coolant formed atthe position of the first groove 316 in the anode-side separator 310(FIG. 6), thus effectively preventing stagnation of the coolant in theflow path space CS for the coolant and minimizing the degradation of thecooling performance of the fuel cell 100. Additionally, in the structureof the seventeenth embodiment, the greater diameter Rm of the deepergroove section 313 of the anode-side separator 310 that is in contactwith the cathode-side separator 320 reduces the load stacked per unitarea on the surface of the deeper groove section 313. This also preventsthe potential damage of the electrodes due to the concentration of theload at a specific position of the power generation layer 200 opposed tothe deeper groove section 313, as well as the inequality of the powergeneration distribution due to the unequal load distribution on theelectrode surface.

FIG. 32 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the structure of ananode-side separator 310 in a fuel cell 100 according to onemodification of the seventeenth embodiment. In the modification of theseventeenth embodiment shown in FIG. 32, the deeper groove section 313has the same width in the Y direction (direction along which the secondgrooves 315 and the first grooves 316 are extended) as that of the firstembodiment but has an enlarged width Wm in the X direction (flowdirection of the coolant in the communication flow channel CP) to begreater than a width Wv of the shallower groove section 314. Themodification of the seventeenth embodiment shown in FIG. 32 effectivelyreduces the volume of a specific part adjacent to the deeper groovesection 313 in the flow path space CS for the coolant formed at theposition of the first groove 316. This prevents stagnation of thecoolant in the flow path space CS for the coolant and minimizes thedegradation of the cooling performance of the fuel cell 100.Additionally this reduces the load stacked per unit area on the surfaceof the deeper groove section 313 and prevents the potential damage ofthe electrodes and the inequality of the power generation distribution.

R. Eighteenth Embodiment

FIGS. 33 to 35 are explanatory diagrams illustrating the structure of afuel cell 100 according to an eighteenth embodiment. The fuel cell 100of the eighteenth embodiment differs in the structure of seals from thefuel cell 100 of the first embodiment, but otherwise has the similarstructure to that of the fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment.

In order to improve the repairability, a manufacturing method ofalternately stacking cells with seals and cells without seals is adoptedfor the fuel cell 100 of the eighteenth embodiment. When thismanufacturing method of alternately stacking the cells with seals andthe cells without seals is adopted for the fuel cell 100 of the firstembodiment, the sufficient sealing should be achieved by pressing theedges 452 and 442 of the seals 450 and 440 provided on the opposedcathode-side separator 320 against the surface of the anode-sideseparator 310 with the third grooves 317 for forming the tunnel flowpaths TR (FIGS. 4 and 5). It is, however, difficult to ensure thesufficient sealing by pressing the seals against the surface of theanode-side separator 310 of the concavo-convex shape.

According to the eighteenth embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 33 to 35, acell CeA is formed by stacking one anode-side separator 310, one powergeneration layer 200, one cathode-side separator 320, another anode-sideseparator 310 and another power generation layer 200. A cell CeB isformed by stacking one cathode-side separator 320, one anode-sideseparator 310, one power generation layer 200 and another anode-sideseparator 310. The fuel cell 100 is manufactured by alternately stackingthe cells CeA and the cells CeB. As shown in FIGS. 33 to 35, the cellCeA has seals 450 and 420 formed to ensure the sufficient sealingagainst the opposed cell CeB, while the cell CeB has no seals to ensurethe sealing against the opposed cell CeA.

In the structure of the eighteenth embodiment, the seals 450, 430 and420 provided in the cell CeA are arranged to have their edges 452, 432and 422 pressed against the flat surface of the cathode-side separator320 in the opposed cell CeB, thus forming effective seal lines. Theseals are not pressed against the surface of the concave-convex shape.As shown in FIG. 35, the seal 450 located between the cathode-sideseparator 320 and the third grooves 317 of the anode-side separator 310is formed by filling in the cell CeA and the cell CeB, thus forming aneffective seal line at this location. The structure of the eighteenthembodiment thus ensures the sufficient sealing property and adopts themanufacturing method of alternately stacking the cells with seals andthe cells without seals to manufacture the fuel cell 100, thus improvingthe repairability of the fuel cell 100.

The eighteenth embodiment adopts the manufacturing method of stackingthe cells CeA including two power generation layers 200 and the cellsCeB including one power generation layer 200 to manufacture the fuelcell 100. Any manufacturing method of stacking cells CeA including aneven number of power generation layers 200 and cells CeB including anodd number of power generation layers 200 may be adopted to manufacturethe fuel cell 100. Like the eighteenth embodiment, this manufacturingmethod also ensures the sufficient sealing property and improves therepairability of the fuel cell 100.

S. Nineteenth Embodiment

FIG. 36 is an explanatory diagram illustrating the planar structure of afuel cell 100 according to a nineteenth embodiment. The fuel cell 100 ofthe nineteenth embodiment differs in the arrangement of the respectivemanifolds from the fuel cell 100 of the first embodiment, but otherwisehas the similar structure to that of the fuel cell 100 of the firstembodiment.

As shown in FIG. 36, in the fuel cell 100 of the nineteenth embodiment,all manifolds are arranged in proximity to two outer circumferentialsides (long sides in the illustrated example of FIG. 36) that areopposed to each other across the corrugated portion WSP of theanode-side separator 310 in each unit cell 140, while no manifolds arearranged in proximity to the other two outer circumferential sides(short sides in the illustrated example of FIG. 36). In other words, thefuel cell 100 of the nineteenth embodiment has two-side arrangement ofthe manifolds. Such two-side arrangement of the manifolds is not readilyadoptable for the conventional structure of the fuel cell 100 where thedirections of the flow paths formed on the respective sides of theanode-side separator 310 are fixed to the parallel directions, but isadoptable for this embodiment where the anode-side separator 310 formsthe flow path that allows the coolant to flow both horizontally andvertically (i.e., the flow path spaces Cs for the coolant and thecommunication flow channels CP (FIG. 6)). The fuel cell 100 of thisembodiment adopting the two-side arrangement of the manifolds improvesthe rate of utilization of the electrodes and enhances the body powerdensity and the mass output density, compared with the four-sidearrangement of the manifolds.

T. Modifications

The invention is not limited to the above embodiments or examples, but amultiplicity of variations and modifications may be made to theembodiments without departing from the scope of the invention. Someexamples of possible modifications are given below.

T1. Modification 1

The configuration of the fuel cell system 10 in any of the aboveembodiments is only illustrative and may be modified or changed invarious ways. For example, in the respective embodiments describedabove, the membrane electrode assembly 210 includes the anode diffusionlayer 216 and the cathode diffusion layer 217. The membrane electrodeassembly 210 may, however, be structured without at least one of theanode diffusion layer 216 and the cathode diffusion layer 217.

The materials and the manufacturing methods of the respective layers inthe fuel cell 100 are specified in the respective embodiments describedabove. These materials and manufacturing methods are, however, notrestrictive but may be replaced by any of other various adequate methodsand manufacturing methods. For example, in the above embodiments, theanode-side separator 310 is manufactured by press-forming a metal plate.The anode-side separator 310 may, however, be manufactured by cuttingout a metal plate or a carbon resin plate, by etching a metal plate, orby injection molding carbon resin material. Similarly the cathode-sideseparator 320 may be manufactured by cutting out a carbon resin plate orby injection molding carbon resin material.

The fuel cell 100 is a polymer electrolyte fuel cell in the respectiveembodiments described above. The present invention is, however, alsoapplicable to other types of fuel cells (e.g., direct methanol fuel celland phosphoric acid fuel cell).

T2. Modification 2

In the respective embodiments described above, the anode-side separator310 is formed to have the corrugated portion WSP of the corrugated crosssection, while the cathode-side separator 320 is formed in a flatplate-like shape. On the contrary, the cathode-side separator 320 may beformed to have a corrugated portion WSP of a corrugated cross section,while the anode-side separator 310 may be formed in a flat plate-likeshape. In this modification, the power generation layer 200 does notinclude the cathode-side porous flow path layer 230 but has a porousflow path layer on the anode-side. A flow path for the oxidizing gas isformed between the cathode-side separator 320 and the power generationlayer 200, and a flow path for the coolant is formed between thecathode-side separator 320 and the anode-side separator 310.

According to another modification, both the anode-side separator 310 andthe cathode-side separator 320 may be formed to have corrugated portionsWSP of corrugated cross sections. In this modification, the powergeneration layer 200 does not include any porous flow path layer. A flowpath for the fuel gas is formed between the anode-side separator 310 andthe power generation layer 200, and a flow path for the oxidizing gas isformed between the cathode-side separator 320 and the power generationlayer 200. A flow path for the coolant is formed between thecathode-side separator 320 and the anode-side separator 310. In thismodification, the anode-side separator 310 and the cathode-sideseparator 320 are in contact with each other at the respective secondgrooves 315 of their corrugated portions WSP. In this modification, theshallower groove sections 314 of each second groove 315 in thecorrugated portion WSP may be provided in only either one of or both ofthe anode-side separator 310 and the cathode-side separator 320.

T3. Modification 3

In the respective embodiments described above, each of the secondgrooves 315 has a plurality of shallower groove sections 314. Each ofthe second grooves 315 may be, however, structured to have at least oneshallower groove section 314, which does not restrict the flow directionof the coolant to the direction parallel to the flow direction of thefuel gas but enables the flow direction of the coolant to be set freely.The configuration pattern of the shallower groove sections 314 on theplane of the corrugated portion WSP in any of the above embodiments isonly illustrative and may be modified or changed arbitrarily.

In the respective embodiments described above, the second grooves 315and the first grooves 316 in the anode-side separator 310 have theplanar shapes extended in a fixed direction (direction parallel to theshort sides of the unit cell 140 in the illustrated example of FIG. 2).The second grooves 315 and the first grooves 316 may have any arbitraryplanar shapes according to the arrangement of the manifolds, as long asthe second grooves 315 and the first grooves 316 are arrangedalternately and repeatedly to form the corrugated cross section. Forexample, the second grooves 315 and the first grooves 316 may be formedin serpentine planar shapes.

T4. Modification 4

In the respective embodiments described above, a plurality of tunnelflow paths TR are formed side by side in proximity to the fuel gassupply manifold 162 and the fuel gas exhaust manifold 164 of the fuelcell 100 (FIG. 5). Alternatively only one tunnel flow path TR may beformed in these locations.

T5. Modification 5

In the respective embodiments described above, the fourth grooves 312are formed in the anode-side separator 310 to form the common rails ACRfor the fuel gas, and the respective flow path spaces AS for the fuelgas are arranged to communicate with the common rails ACR for the fuelgas. Alternatively the respective flow path spaces AS for the fuel gasmay be arranged to communicate with the fuel gas supply manifold 162 andthe fuel gas exhaust manifold 164 without the common rails ACR for thefuel gas.

T6. Modification 6

In the seventh embodiment described above, the first surface of thecorrugated portion WSP of the anode-side separator 310 is subjected tothe film-coating treatment to enhance the corrosion resistance in theareas S1 of the first groove 316 adjacent to the shallower groovesections 314, the water repellent treatment to enhance the waterrepellency in the areas S1 of the first groove 316 adjacent to theshallower groove sections 314, and the hydrophilic treatment to enhancethe hydrophilicity in the shallower groove sections 314. The firstsurface is, however, not required to be subjected to all these threetreatments but may be subjected to at least one of these treatments tohave the advantageous effects described above corresponding to thetreatment.

1-30. (canceled)
 31. A separator for fuel cell, comprising: a corrugatedportion formed to have a corrugated cross section where a first groovethat is concave to a first surface to form a flow path for a first fluidon the first surface and a second groove that is concave to a secondsurface opposite to the first surface to form a flow path for a secondfluid on the second surface are arranged alternately and repeatedly,wherein each of the second grooves has at least one shallower groovesection formed to have a less depth from the second surface than depthof a remaining groove section and provided to form a communication flowchannel on the first surface side, which is arranged to communicatebetween two flow path spaces for the first fluid that are adjacent toeach other across the shallower groove section.
 32. The separatoraccording to claim 31, wherein a combination of the first fluid and thesecond fluid is a combination of two out of a fuel gas, an oxidizing gasand a coolant.
 33. The separator according to claim 31, wherein thefirst fluid is a coolant.
 34. The separator according to claim 31, theseparator being formed in an approximately rectangular planar shape,wherein a first opening for defining a manifold for the first fluid anda second opening for defining a manifold for the second fluid are formedin proximity to two outer circumferential sides that are opposed to eachother across the corrugated portion of the separator.
 35. The separatoraccording to claim 31, wherein the shallower groove section included ineach of the second grooves is formed at a position aligned with theshallower groove section included in another adjacent second groove, andthe shallower groove section is formed to have a cross section with alarger curvature radius or a greater draft angle on a downstream side offlow of the first fluid in the communication flow channel than acurvature radius or a draft angle on an upstream side.
 36. The separatoraccording to claim 31, wherein the shallower groove section included ineach of the second grooves is formed at a position aligned with theshallower groove section included in another adjacent second groove, andthe shallower groove section is formed to have a cross section with asmaller curvature radius or a smaller draft angle on a downstream sideof flow of the first fluid in the communication flow channel than acurvature radius or a draft angle on an upstream side.
 37. The separatoraccording to claim 33, wherein the first surface of the corrugatedportion is subjected to at least one of film-coating treatment toenhance corrosion resistance in a specific area of the first grooveadjacent to the shallower groove section, water repellent treatment toenhance water repellency in the specific area of the first grooveadjacent to the shallower groove section, and hydrophilic treatment toenhance hydrophilicity in the shallower groove section.
 38. Theseparator according to claim 31, wherein each of the second grooves hasa plurality of the shallower groove sections, each of the shallowergroove sections included in each of the second grooves is formed at aposition aligned with a shallower groove section included in anotheradjacent second groove, and the first surface of the corrugated portionhas a wall member that is formed on a downstream side of a deeper groovesection that is a part of the second groove other than the shallowergroove section in a flow direction of the first fluid in thecommunication flow channel to be located on an extension of a boundarywall between the deeper groove section and the shallower groove section,and a floor member that is formed on the downstream side of theshallower groove section to be located on an extension of a floorsurface of the shallower groove section.
 39. The separator according toclaim 31, wherein each of the second grooves has a plurality of theshallower groove sections, each of the shallower groove sectionsincluded in each of the second grooves is formed at a position alignedwith a shallower groove section included in another adjacent secondgroove, and the first surface of the corrugated portion has a spacerlocated at a position in the first groove adjacent to a deeper groovesection that is a part of the second groove other than the shallowergroove section to fill a space.
 40. The separator according to claim 31,wherein each of the second grooves has a plurality of the shallowergroove sections, which include a normal shallower groove section and amedium-depth shallower groove section having a greater depth than thatof the normal shallower groove section, each of the shallower groovesections included in each of the second grooves is formed at a positionaligned with a shallower groove section included in another adjacentsecond groove, and the medium-depth shallower groove section included ineach of the second grooves is located at a position opposed to thenormal shallower groove section included in the adjacent second groove.41. The separator according to claim 31, wherein each of the secondgrooves has a plurality of the shallower groove sections, and a boundarywall between a deeper groove section that is a part of the second grooveother than the shallower groove section and the shallower groove sectionthat is adjacent to the deeper groove section on a downstream side offlow of the second fluid in the flow path for the second fluid in eachof the second grooves is inclined, such that a position nearer to thesecond surface is located on a lower stream side of the flow of thesecond fluid.
 42. The separator according to claim 41, wherein theplurality of shallower groove sections included in each of the secondgrooves are arranged, such that the shallower groove section located ona lower stream side of the flow of the second fluid in the flow path forthe second fluid has a greater depth and a greater width in a flowdirection of the second fluid.
 43. The separator according to claim 31,wherein the corrugated portion includes multiple different types ofshallower groove sections having different depths.
 44. The separatoraccording to claim 31, wherein each of the second grooves has aplurality of the shallower groove sections, and a boundary wall betweena deeper groove section that is a part of the second groove other thanthe shallower groove section and the shallower groove section that isadjacent to the deeper groove section on a downstream side of flow ofthe second fluid in the flow path for the second fluid in each of thesecond grooves is inclined, such that a position farther from the secondsurface is located on a lower stream side of the flow of the secondfluid.
 45. The separator according to claim 44, wherein the secondsurface of the shallower groove sections in each of the second groovesis subjected to hydrophilic treatment to enhance hydrophilicity.
 46. Theseparator according to claim 31, wherein each of the second grooves hasa plurality of the shallower groove sections, and a boundary wallbetween a deeper groove section that is a part of the second grooveother than the shallower groove section and the shallower groove sectionincluded in each of the second grooves has a part inclined at apredetermined angle to a flow direction of the first fluid in thecommunication flow channel.
 47. The separator according to claim 46,wherein each of the shallower groove sections included in each of thesecond grooves is arranged at a position shifted by a predetermineddistance in a direction orthogonal to the flow direction of the firstfluid in the communication flow channel, from position of the shallowergroove section included in another adjacent second groove.
 48. Theseparator according to claim 31, wherein each of the second grooves hasa plurality of the shallower groove sections, and each of the shallowergroove sections included in each of the second grooves is formed at aposition shifted by a predetermined distance in a direction orthogonalto a flow direction of the first fluid in the communication flowchannel, from position of the shallower groove section included inanother adjacent second groove.
 49. The separator according to claim 31,wherein each of the second grooves has a plurality of the shallowergroove sections, and a deeper groove section included in the secondgroove that is a part of the second groove other than the shallowergroove section has a larger diameter along a flow direction of the firstfluid in the communication flow channel than diameter along the flowdirection of the first fluid of the shallower groove section.
 50. A fuelcell, comprising: a power generation layer including an electrolytemembrane, an anode formed on one side of the electrolyte membrane and acathode formed on the other side of the electrolyte membrane; and theseparators according to claim 31 that are placed across the powergeneration layer.
 51. The fuel cell according to claim 50, furthercomprising: a detector configured to determine that a pressure loss inthe flow path for the first fluid is less than a predetermined thresholdvalue and thereby detect an abnormality in the flow path for the firstfluid, wherein the first fluid is a coolant.
 52. A method ofmanufacturing a fuel cell, the fuel cell comprising: a power generationlayer including an electrolyte membrane, an anode formed on one side ofthe electrolyte membrane and a cathode formed on the other side of theelectrolyte membrane; and the separators according to claim 33 that areplaced across the power generation layer, the method comprising thesteps of: exposing the first surface of the first groove in theseparator to a coolant; and stacking the separator and the powergeneration layer, after the exposing step.
 53. A fuel cell, comprising:a plurality of power generation layers, each including an electrolytemembrane, an anode formed on one side of the electrolyte membrane and acathode formed on the other side of the electrolyte membrane; theseparator according to claim 31 that is located on an anode side of eachof the power generation layers; and a second separator in a flatplate-like shape that is located on a cathode side of each of the powergeneration layers.
 54. The fuel cell according to claim 53, wherein theseparator is manufactured by press-forming a plate-like member, and thesecond separator is formed to have a less thickness than thickness ofthe plate-like member used for manufacturing the separator.
 55. The fuelcell according to claim 53, further comprising: a seal formed to sealbetween the separator and the second separator opposed to the separatorwithout intervention of the power generation layer at least at aposition where the separator has concavity and convexity and arranged toadhere to the separator and to be pressed against the second separator,so as to ensure sealing.
 56. The fuel cell according to claim 55, thefuel cell being manufactured by alternately stacking a first cellincluding an even number of the power generation layers and a secondcell including an odd number of the power generation layers, wherein theseal is provided on the first cell but is not provided on the secondcell, prior to stacking of the first cell and the second cell tomanufacture the fuel cell.
 57. A fuel cell, comprising: a plurality ofpower generation layers, each including an electrolyte membrane, ananode formed on one side of the electrolyte membrane and a cathodeformed on the other side of the electrolyte membrane; the separatoraccording to claim 31 that is located on an anode side of each of thepower generation layers; a second separator in a flat plate-like shapethat is located on a cathode side of each of the power generationlayers; a first seal formed to seal between the separator and the secondseparator opposed to the separator without intervention of the powergeneration layer; and a second seal formed to seal between the anodeside and the cathode side at an edge of each of the power generationlayers, wherein at least one of the separator and the power generationlayer has a tunnel flow path-forming member to form a tunnel flow paththat runs under a seal line formed by the first seal and communicatesbetween a flow path space for the second fluid and a flow path spaceopposed to the flow path space for the second fluid across the firstseal, and the tunnel flow path-forming member is located inside of thesecond seal along a planar direction of the power generation layer. 58.The fuel cell according to claim 57, wherein the tunnel flowpath-forming member includes a third groove that is formed in theseparator and is concave to the second surface, and the third groove isformed to have a less depth than depth of the deeper groove sectionincluded in the second groove.
 59. The fuel cell according to claim 57,wherein the tunnel flow path-forming member includes a thin-walled partthat has a surface of the power generation layer opposed to theseparator and recessed from surface of a remaining part of the powergeneration layer.
 60. The fuel cell according to claim 57, wherein theseparator has a plurality of the tunnel flow path-forming members, andthe plurality of the tunnel flow path-forming members are arranged, suchthat the tunnel flow path-forming member located at a lowermost positionin a direction of gravity in use of the fuel cell is extended to alocation nearest to the flow path space for the second fluid.